This is a chunk of rock salt,

t
the ore for sodium(NaCl)

This is a piece of
bauxite, the ore
for aluminum
(Al2O3)
FIRST METHOD (USING CARBON MONOXIDE)

1) Roast zinc sulfide in air and the products are zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide

Equation : 2ZnS + CO > Zn + CO2

2) React the zinc oxide with carbon monoxide to obtain zinc and carbon dioxide

Equation: ZnO + CO > Zn + CO2

The final product contains a slag of impurities that can be separated by fractional
distillation
SECOND METHOD ( USING ELĒCTROLYSIS )
1) Dissolve zinc oxide in dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
2) Zinc oxide neutralizes the acid giving a solution of zinc sulfate ( ZnSO4 )
3) Zinc is deposited at the cathode after electrolysis

Half equation: Zn2+ + 2ē > Zn

Reactions, products and waste gases Comments
Stage 1: The coke burns, giving off heat - It is a redox reaction
The blast if hot air starts the coke burning. It - It is an exothermic reaction, heat is given off
reacts with the oxygen to give carbon dioxide
C + O2 > CO2
Stage 2 : Carbon monoxide is made - Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon
The carbon dioxide reacts with more coke monoxide.
CO2 + C > CO - It is an endothermic reaction , heat is
absorbed
Stage 3 : The iron (lll) oxide is reduced - Carbon monoxide is itself oxidized to carbon
Carbon monoxide reacts with the iron ore giving dioxide
liquid iron.
Fe2O3 + 3CO > 2Fe +3CO2
What is limestone for? - Molten slag is drained off. It turns into a solid
Limestone breaks down in the heat of the furnace when cooled
CaCO3 > CaO + CO2
Calcium oxide reacts with silicon dioxide to form
a slag calcium silicate, that is skimmed off
CaO + SiO2 > CaSiO3
THE REACTIONS AT THE ELECTRODES
Once alumina dissolves, Al2O3 ions are free to move
At the cathode : aluminum ions gain electrons
4Al3+ +12ē >4Al
Pure aluminum drops to the bottom and run off at intervals
At the anode : oxygen ions lose electrons
6O2- > 3O2 + 12ē
Carbon is oxidized at the anode
C + O2 > CO2
Overall reaction
2Al2O3 > 4Al + 3O2
What is an alloy ?
An alloy is a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements

EXAMPLES
Alloy Made from Special properties Uses

Brass 70% copper Harder than copper Musical instruments

30% zinc and does not corrode and ornaments

Aluminum alloy 7075 90.25% aluminum Light and strong and Aircraft
TF 6% zinc also does not corrode
2.5% magnesium
1.25% copper
Alloys Made from Special properties Uses

Mild steel 99.5% iron Hard and strong Buildings, car body,
0.3% carbon machinery,ships
Stainless steel 70% iron Hard and rustproof Cutlery and
20% chromium chemical
10% nickel equipments
BASIC OXYGEN CONVERTER
Removal of impurities
The oxygen reacts with carbon and sulfur to give off gases carbon dioxide and sulfur
dioxide. The oxygen then reacts with phosphorus to give phosphorus (V) oxide, a
solid.

Calcium oxide is then added, it reacts with phosphorus(V) oxide and silicon dioxide
to give a slag which can be skimmed of.