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R: gas constant
T: absolute temperature
ic: osmolarity of the solution,
i: van’t Hoff factor, which is a measure of the extent to which
the solute dissociates into two or more ionic species, and
c: the solute’s molar concentration.
Osmotic Pressure
Effect of extracellular
osmolarity on water
movement across a
plasma membrane:
Osmosis
Cells also actively pump out Na+ and other ions into the
interstitial fluid to stay in osmotic balance with their
surroundings.
Weak Acids or Bases Buffer Cells and Tissues against pH
Changes
The intracellular and extracellular fluids of multicellular
organisms have a characteristic and nearly constant pH
(usually near pH 7).
For example,
the side
chain of
histidine, a
weak acid,
has a pKa of
6.0.