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Sulaimani
College of Science
Ionic
Physics Department
Conduction in
Polymers
Composite
Omed Gh. Abdullah
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF
SCIENCE IN PHYSICS
BY
B.Sc. IN PHYSICS-2003
(Sulaimani University)
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTING
OXIDE GLASSES
A THESIS
BY
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
Aziz
Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani
University
Abstract
Abstract
0.3 T=75 C
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Dielectric constant
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dana S. Muhammad
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani - Iraq
Abstract
The UV/VIS optical absorption for difference compositions copper
Abstract
Optical properties of prepared Polystyrene (PS) films with different
Abstract
Polymer composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Aluminum Iodide have been
prepared by solution cast method for different doping concentrations. The
absorption of pure and doped films have been investigated in the visible and
ultraviolent wavelength regions. It was found that the optical absorption is due to
direct and indirect transitions, and the optical energy gaps values shifted to lower
energies on Aluminum Iodide doping concentration for all transitions, while the
band edge width of the tail localized states increase with increasing Aluminum
Iodide concentration. The band gap of all films shows to be decrease after thermal
treatment. The optical constants refractive index n, extinction coefficient K, the
complex dielectric constant have been also calculated. The dielectric constant
Absorption Spectrum
Iodide content.
Indirect Optical Band
Gaps
Abstract
At high frequencies,
Losses ” dipoles cannot move
fmax rapidly enough to
respond – losses
are low
log f
Permanent dipoles FOLLOW
variations in the AC field – ’ and ” as a function
hence current and voltage of frequency – at constant
out of phase – losses low temperature
Frequency at which permittivity drops and losses increase is where the polymer is said to show dispersion
ac conductivity virus
concentration
OCH2CH2OC(CH2)CO CH2CH2CO
O O n O
n
Conclusion
The main observation in this
study worth to be mentioned
relates to the relative value of
electrical conductivity versus the
carbon black contents; it was
observed that even low amount of
carbon black able to maximize the
conductivity of the composite up
to three orders of magnitude, we
conclude that polyester carbon
black composite is a good
candidate and alternative way for
Optical absorption of polyvinyl
Abstract
Films of pure and doped Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different
concentration of Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) were prepared using the
casting technique, in order to investigate effect of NiCl2 additions on
the optical properties of PVA host. The dispersion studies of pure PVA
film and PVA films doped with NiCl2were investigated using complex
refractive index in the wavelength range 190-1100 nm. The
absorption spectral analysis showed that the optical band was from
the direct and indirect allowed optical transitions. The optical band
gap of the films decreases with increasing NiCl2 contents, while the
Urbachenergy called the width of localized states in the optical band
gap decreases from 0.7414 to 0.1891 eV. Consequently, the optical
constants and optical band gap of the samples change with the
UV/VIS Optical Absorption
Spectra
PVA-NiCl2 composites
UV/VIS Optical Absorption
Spectra
PVA-NiCl2 composites
UV/VIS Optical Absorption
Spectra
PVA-NiCl2 composites
Two conditions to become
conductive:
1-The first condition for this is that the polymer
consists of alternating single and double bonds,
called conjugated double bonds.
In conjugation, the bonds between the carbon atoms
are alternately single and double. Every bond
contains a localised “sigma” (σ) bond which forms a
strong chemical bond. In addition, every double bond
also contains a less strongly localised “pi” (π)
bond which is weaker.
Two conditions to become
conductive:
2-The second condition is that the plastic has to be disturbed -
either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting
them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as
Doping.
There are two types of doping:
1-oxidation with halogen (or p-doping).
3x
( CH n ) + I → ( CH n ) + + I 3−
2
2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping).
( CH n ) + xNa → ( CH n ) x−
+ xNa +
Factors that affect the
conductivity
1-Denesity of charge carriers.
2- Thier mobility.
3-The direction.
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with sodium iodide up to (30wt
H H
C C
H OH
n
PVA-NaI composites
Activation Energy
wt% and
u r
y o
f r
o on
ks t i
a n
T att e n
Material Group