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University of

Sulaimani
College of Science

Ionic
Physics Department

Conduction in
Polymers
Composite
Omed Gh. Abdullah

 STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE


AND FREQUENCY ON THE DIELECTRIC
PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMERCIAL
POLYMERS

 A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF

SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

 

BY 

SHUJAH-ALDEEN BAKIR AZIZ

B.Sc. IN PHYSICS-2003

(Sulaimani University)

  
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:

Prof. Dr. HAMEED MAJID AHMED


OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL


PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTING
OXIDE GLASSES

  

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS

 

 

BY 

DANA ABDULLA TAHIR

(M. Sc.) in physics


Salahaddin University-1995

  
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:

 MANAF ABD HASSAN


AHMAD AL-ANI
Dielectric analysis of
Polystyrene polymer film
 
Dana A. Tahir, Omed Gh. Abdullah, and Shuja-Aldeen B.

Aziz
Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani

University
 

Abstract

In this work an attempt has been made to study the


various dielectric parameters of polystyrene film. The
dielectric constant , dielectric loss and loss tangent have
been determined in the frequency range (1-000)KHz at
different temperatures. The frequency dependent conductivity
was also measured to characterize the polymer. The complex
impedance plot (cole-cole plot) was used to calculate the
static dielectric constant , infinitely large frequency dielectric
constant and relaxation times. Finally the results are analyzed
in terms of different parameters.
 

Key words: polymer film, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation,



Optical and Electrical
Properties of Polyvinyl-
  
chloride (PVC) films
Omed Gh. Abdullah, Dana A. Tahir, and Shuja-Aldeen B. Aziz

Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani University

 

Abstract

The optical properties of the polyvinyl-chloride thin films were

studied which include their absorbance, transmittance, reflectance


spectra, band gap, and refractive index, before and after annealing at
T=75oC for 24hrs. The films were found to exhibit high transmittance,
low absorbance and low reflectance in the visible, and near infrared
region up to 1100nm. However, the absorbance of the films was
found to be high in the ultra violet region with peak around 306nm.
The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and ac conductivity of
polyvinyl-chloride were obtained at different frequencies and
temperatures. The experimental results show that ε ’ and ε ”
decreased with increasing frequency, which indicates that the major
contribution to the polarization comes from orientation polarization.
The value of ε ’ increased with increasing temperature, which is due
to great freedom of movement of the dipole molecular chains at high
temperature.
 
Debye behavior
0.45
0.4 T=25 C
0.35 T=50 C
Dielectric loss

0.3 T=75 C
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Dielectric constant

 Cole-Cole plot for Polystyrene at


different temperatures.
International Journal of Materials Science
ISSN 0973-4589 Volume 5, Number 4 (2010), pp. 537–545
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/ijoms.htm

 Physical Properties of Pure and Copper


Oxide Doped
Polystyrene Films


 Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dana S. Muhammad
 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani - Iraq

 Abstract
The UV/VIS optical absorption for difference compositions copper

oxide doped polystyrene thin films were studied in the wavelength


200-1000 nm. It was found that the optical absorption is due to direct
allowed transitions, and the energy gaps shows nonlinear behavior
with copper oxide concentration, optical energy gap showed a
decreasing trend with increased dopant concentration up to 10% of
the dopant, for further increase in dopant concentration this value
started increasing again due to segregation effects. The annealing of
o
Absorption Spectrum

Optical absorption for PS with different CuO


content, as a function of wavelength.


Optical Band Gaps

Optical energy gap of direct allowed transition,


and tail localized state energy against copper


oxide concentration, of pure and doped polymer
film before (solid line), and after annealing
 Effect of Zirconia concentration on
optical properties of Polystyrene
films

Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dlear R. Saber
 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani -
Iraq

 Abstract
Optical properties of prepared Polystyrene (PS) films with different

filling levels of Zirconia have been investigated in the visible and


ultraviolent wavelength regions. It was found that the optical
absorption is due to direct-allowed transitions, and the energy gaps
decrease with increasing Zirconia content for all transitions, while the
width of the tail localized states increase with increasing Zirconia
content. The band gap of all films shows to be decrease after thermal
treatment. The optical constants refractive index n, extinction
coefficient K, have been also calculated. The refractive index
increased in the composite samples as compared with the pure PS
sample prepared by the same method.

Refractive index

Refractive index as a function of wavelength


for PS for different Zirconia content.


Refractive index S in ce
th e
re fra ctiv
e in d e x
o f th is
co m p o sit
e w as
co n tro lla
b le it
ca n b e
u se d to
fa b rica te
w aveg u i
d e s w ith
th e
d e sire d
re fra ctiv
e in d e x
co n tra st
b e tw e e n
Refractive index as a function of wavelength
th e co re
for PS for different Zirconia content.a n d th e
cla d d in g
Optical band Gap

The optical gap, and tail localized state as a


function of Zirconia content, before (solid line)
and after annealing (dashed line).
Variation of Optical Band Gap Width of

PVA films Doped with Aluminum Iodide



 Omed Gh. Abdullah and Sarkawt Abubakr Hussen
 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani - Iraq

 Abstract
Polymer composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Aluminum Iodide have been
prepared by solution cast method for different doping concentrations. The
absorption of pure and doped films have been investigated in the visible and
ultraviolent wavelength regions. It was found that the optical absorption is due to
direct and indirect transitions, and the optical energy gaps values shifted to lower
energies on Aluminum Iodide doping concentration for all transitions, while the
band edge width of the tail localized states increase with increasing Aluminum
Iodide concentration. The band gap of all films shows to be decrease after thermal
treatment. The optical constants refractive index n, extinction coefficient K, the
complex dielectric constant have been also calculated. The dielectric constant
Absorption Spectrum

Optical absorption as a function of wavelength


for PVA at different Aluminum Iodide content.


Direct Optical Band Gaps

Direct optical band gaps for PVA with Aluminum


Iodide content.
Indirect Optical Band
Gaps

 Indirect optical band gaps of PVA with


Aluminum Iodide content.
Band tails of localized states

Natural logarithm of absorption coefficient as a


function of photon energy.


Dielectric properties of

Polyester reinforced with


Carbon black particles

 Omed Gh. Abdullah, Gelas M. Jamal, Dana A. Tahir,
and Salah Raza Saeed
 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of
Sulaimani - Iraq

Abstract

Dielectric constant and conductivity of Polyester doped with

carbon black are investigated in the frequency range (0.5-


1000) KHz and within the temperature range (28-80)oC.
Dielectric permittivity and loss tangent are found to be
decrease with increasing frequency and increase with
increasing temperature. The ac conductivity is found to be
frequency-independent for low frequency however vary with
frequency as ws, beyond a critical value. The frequency
exponential factor was estimated and it was found to vary
C o m p le x D ie le ctric C o n sta n t
At high frequencies
dipoles cannot return
rapidly enough - charging
Permittivity cannot occur/dielectric
or ’ At low frequencies constant is low
Dielectric dipoles can align --
dielectric constant
Constant is high Frequency at
which dipoles
log f respond to
the field

At high frequencies,
Losses ” dipoles cannot move
fmax rapidly enough to
respond – losses
are low

log f
Permanent dipoles FOLLOW
variations in the AC field –  ’ and  ” as a function
hence current and voltage of frequency – at constant
out of phase – losses low temperature

Frequency at which permittivity drops and losses increase is where the polymer is said to show dispersion
ac conductivity virus
concentration

ac conductivity dependence on black carbon


concentration at different temperatures


ac conductivity virus
frequency

Dependence of frequency on the ac


conductivity at different temperatures of


Polyester film doped with of Carbon black
ac conductivity virus
frequency
ac conductivity virus
temperature

Semilogarithmic plots of dc conductivity


against reciprocal of temperature at different


Carbon black concentrations
ac conductivity virus
temperature

OCH2CH2OC(CH2)CO CH2CH2CO
O O n O
n
Conclusion
The main observation in this
study worth to be mentioned
relates to the relative value of
electrical conductivity versus the
carbon black contents; it was
observed that even low amount of
carbon black able to maximize the
conductivity of the composite up
to three orders of magnitude, we
conclude that polyester carbon
black composite is a good
candidate and alternative way for
Optical absorption of polyvinyl

alcohol films doped with Nickel


Chloride


Omed Gh. Abdullah, and Dlear R. Saber
 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani -
Iraq

Abstract
Films of pure and doped Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different
concentration of Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) were prepared using the
casting technique, in order to investigate effect of NiCl2 additions on
the optical properties of PVA host. The dispersion studies of pure PVA
film and PVA films doped with NiCl2were investigated using complex
refractive index in the wavelength range 190-1100 nm. The
absorption spectral analysis showed that the optical band was from
the direct and indirect allowed optical transitions. The optical band
gap of the films decreases with increasing NiCl2 contents, while the
Urbachenergy called the width of localized states in the optical band
gap decreases from 0.7414 to 0.1891 eV. Consequently, the optical
constants and optical band gap of the samples change with the
UV/VIS Optical Absorption
Spectra

The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of


PVA-NiCl2 composites
UV/VIS Optical Absorption
Spectra

The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of


PVA-NiCl2 composites
UV/VIS Optical Absorption
Spectra

The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of


PVA-NiCl2 composites
Two conditions to become
conductive:
1-The first condition for this is that the polymer
consists of alternating single and double bonds,
called conjugated double bonds.
In conjugation, the bonds between the carbon atoms
are alternately single and double. Every bond
contains a localised “sigma” (σ) bond which forms a
strong chemical bond. In addition, every double bond
also contains a less strongly localised “pi” (π)
bond which is weaker.
Two conditions to become
conductive:
2-The second condition is that the plastic has to be disturbed -
either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting
them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as
Doping.
There are two types of doping:
1-oxidation with halogen (or p-doping).

3x
( CH n ) + I → ( CH n ) + + I 3−
2
2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping).

( CH n ) + xNa → ( CH n ) x−
+ xNa +
Factors that affect the
conductivity
1-Denesity of charge carriers.
2- Thier mobility.

3-The direction.

4- Presence of doping materials

(additives that facilitate the


polymer conductivity)
5-Temperature.
Electrical characterization of

polyvinyl alcohol films doped with


sodium iodide


Omed Gh. Abdullah
 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani -
Iraq

 Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with sodium iodide up to (30wt

%) were prepared in order to investigate the effect of sodium iodide


additions on the electrical properties of PVA host. The dielectric
permittivity, dielectric loss, electric modulus and ac conductivity were
studied in the frequency range 20KHZ-1MHz and in temperature
range 300-350 K. Upon increasing the contents of sodium iodide an
increase in the dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss and ac
conductivity of PVA host are observed. The ac conductivity is found to
obey power law Bws. The frequency exponential factor s was
estimated and it was found to vary between 0.92 and 0.34,
dependence on sodium iodide contents. From the temperature
dependence of ac conductivity, the increase of activation energy was
ac conductivity virus
frequency

H H

C C

H OH
n

Variation of ac conductivity with frequency for


PVA-NaI composites
Activation Energy

Semilogarithmic plots of dc conductivity


against reciprocal of temperature at different


NaI concentrations
Activation Energy

Table(1): Values of activation energy (Ea) and


the exponential factor (s) for PVA-NaI


composites.
Electric Modulus

Argand plots of (a) pure PVA, (b) 10 wt%, (c) 20


wt% and

u r
y o
f r
o on
ks t i

a n
T att e n
Material Group

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