WATER POLLUTION

Water Pollution
-occurs when harmful substances
(often chemicals or microorganisms)
contaminate a stream, river, lake,
ocean, aquifer, or other body of
water quality and rendering it toxic to
humans or the environment.
Water Supply
SURFACE WATER
Water found in the surface of the earth
Water that is cramped in the tiny gaps between rocks, soil and sediments
undergound.
WATER CYCLE
 SURFACE WATER
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Easy to abstract water Water will need treatment
Water can be treated after use and put Seasonal
back into the river
Dams and reservoirs can be used for Construction of expensive and
hydroelectric power environmentally damaging dams
 GROUNDWATER
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Rocks serves as filter to remove Aquifer depletion due to over pumping
contaminants
No loss of water through evaporation Not always suitable for drinking
No requirement for expensive and
environmentally damaging dams
SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
OXYGEN DEMANDING SUBSTANCES
SEDIMENTS & SUSPENDED SOLIDS
 NUTRIENTS
(POSPHORUS & NITROGEN)
HEAT
MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
POLLUTION FROM PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS
(OIL POLLUTION)
EFFECTS OF WATER
POLLUTION
Death of Aquatic Animals
DISRUPTION OF FOOD CHAIN
DISEASE
DESTRUCTION OF ECOSYSTEM
MEASUREMENT OF WATER
QUALITY
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
• Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of
free oxygen present in water.
• The Winkler Method is a technique used
to measure dissolved oxygen in
freshwater systems.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
• BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material present in a given water
sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
• Measures everything that can be chemically oxidized,
rather than just levels of biodegradable organic matter.

• COD test measures the oxygen required to oxidize organic

matter in water and waste water samples by the action of
strong oxidizing agents under acid conditions.
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
• Total organic carbon (TOC) is a measure of the
total amount of carbon in organic compounds
in an aqueous system.
TURBIDITY
• a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency
due to the presence of suspended particulates. The more total
suspended solids in the water, the murkier it seems and the higher
the turbidity.
• Measured using turbidimeter
COLOR,TASTE,ODOR
• important measurements for determining
drinking water quality.
• Color, taste and odor problems in drinking
water are often caused by organic
substances such as algae or humic
compounds, or dissolved compounds such
as iron.
PH
• a scale of acidity from 0 to 14.
• It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is.
• Measurement of pH is now almost universally done using electronic
pH meters
ALKALINITY
• is the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that
would make the water more acidic
SOLIDS
• refers to matter suspended or dissolved in water
or wastewater, and is related to both specific
conductance and turbidity
PATHOGENS
• refers to a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that
can cause disease.
• Bacteriological quality of water.
• Disease may be transmitted by water like typhoid and
cholera
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER
BODIES
Table 1. Water Body Classification and Usage of Freshwater
Classification Intended Beneficial Use
CLASS AA This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are uninhabited and
otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National
Standards for Drinking Water(NSDW) of the Philippines.

CLASS A For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
CLASS B For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those
designated for tourism purposes).

CLASS C 1) Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources;
2) Recreational Water Class II (Boatings, etc.)
3) Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment).

CLASS D Navigable waters

Table 2. Water Body Classification and Usage of Marine Waters
Classification Intended Beneficial Use
CLASS SA 1.Protected Waters – Waters designated as national or local marine parks, reserves, sanctuaries
and other areas established by law (Presidential Proclamation 1801 and other existing laws),
and/or declared as such by appropriate government agecncy, LGUs, etc.
2.Fishery Water Class I – Suitable for shellfish harvesting for direct human consumption
CLASS SB 1.Fishery Water Class II – Waters suitable for commercial propagation of shellfish and intended as
spawning areas for milkfish (Chanos chanos) and similar species
2.Tourist Zones – For ecotourism and recreational activities
3.Recreational Water Class I – Intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, skin
diving, etc.)
CLASS SC 1.Fishery Water Class III – For the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources and
intended for commercial and sustenance fishing
2.Recreational Water Class II – For boating, fishing or similar activities
3.Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries
CLASS SD Navigable waters
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WATER TREATMENT
COAGULATION
charge neutralization of particles
FLOCCULATION
particles are encouraged to collide with each other
(formation of flocs)
SEDIMENTATION/DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION
usage of settling tanks
FILTRATION
usage of rapid sand filters
DISINFECTION
killing the remaining microorganisms in the water using
chlorine
0.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
PRETREATMENT PROCESS
PRIMARY TREATMENT

Primary Clarifiers
 remove settleable solids from
the water
 also called “settling velocity”
 SECONDARY TREATMENT
Aeration Basin Final Clarifiers

 Adding air to
wastewater through
air blowers
 TERTIARY TREATMENT
Water Discharge

WAYS OF DISINFECTIONS:
Chlorine
Ozone Disinfection
Ultraviolet Rays
Sludge Treatment and
Disposal
Sludge is a semi-solid slurry
that can be produced from a
range of industrial
processes, from water
treatment, wastewater
treatment or on-site
sanitation systems.
SOURCES OF SLUDGE
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE
The important or relevant characteristics of sludges on what is to
be done to the sludge. Variability of the sludges is immensely
important in the design of sludge handling and disposal
operations. In fact, this variability may be stated in terms of three
“laws”:
1. No two wastewater sludges are alike in all respects.
2. Sludge characteristics change with time.
3. There is no “average sludge.”
SLUDGE TREATMENT
 SLUDGE STABILIZATION
LIME STABILIZATION AEROBIC DIGESTION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
SLUDGE THICKENER
GRAVITY THICKENER
FLOTATION THICKENER
SLUDGE DEWATERING
PRESSURE FILTERS
BELT FILTER
SOLID BOWL CENTRIFUGES
 ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
MULTIPLE-HEARTH INCINERATOR
GLOBAL
https://www.atlasandboots.com/greenest-country-in-the-
world/?fbclid=IwAR3rS6EnIgeSxgHuQSUYhKFpQiIzVGbd0eHlkjC4W_8-jd_fnCHL88o9zU
PHILIPPINE RANK
PHILIPPINE LAWS
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931
The Act declares as national policy " to maintain
reasonable standards of purity for the waters and of
this country with their utilization for domestic,
agricultural, industrial and other legitimate
purposes".
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931
• Creation of the National Pollution Control Commission under the Office of
the President to be headed by one full-time Commissioner and two full-time
Deputy Commissioner, one is responsible for standard setting and the other
one is responsible for enforcement.
• Creation of Inter-Agency Advisory Council attached to the Commission
composed of representative from different government agencies and headed
by the Commissioner.
• Organization of the Commission: the Commission shall have Water Pollution
Control Division, Air Pollution Control Division, Research and Development
Division, Legal Division and Administrative Division.
• Establishment of Regional Offices
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931
• Powers and Functions of the Commission
– Determine the location and magnitude of pollution
– Develop comprehensive multi-year and annual reports
– Set-up effluent, stream, ambient and emission standards and promulgate rules and regulations
• Public hearing prior to issuance or promulgation of order or decision regarding the discharger of sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes into air, water and land resources
• Appeal to Courts
– Any decision of the Commission, in the absence of an appeal therefrom as herein provided, shall be final
15 days after the date of notification, and judicial review thereof shall be permitted only after any party
claiming to be aggrieved thereby has exhausted the remedies before the Commission. The Commission
shall be deemed to be a party to any judicial action involving any decision.
• Court Review
– Any decision of the Commission upon any disputed matter may be reviewed both upon the law and the
facts of the case by the Court of Appeals.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931
• Execution of Decision
– Any decision or order by the Commission, after the same has become final and executory, shall be
enforced and executed in the same manner as decisions of Courts of First Instance, and the Commission
shall have the power to issued to the city or provincial sheriff or duly constituted authorities whom it may
appoint, such writs of execution as may be necessary for the enforcement of the decision of order in any
person who shall fail or refuse to comply with such decision, order, or writ, after being required to do so
shall, upon application by the Commission, be punished by the proper court for contempt.
• Prohibitions
– No person shall throw, run, drain, or otherwise dispose into any of the water, air, and/or land resources of
the Philippines, or cause, permit, suffer to thrown, run, drain, allow to seep or otherwise dispose thereto
any organic or inorganic matter any substance in gaseous or liquid form that shall cause pollution thereof.
• Penalties
– Any person found violating or failure to comply with any other decision or regulation of the Commission
for the control and abatement of pollution shall pay a fine P5000 a day during which such violation or
default continues; and the commission is hereby authorized to impose the fine after due notice and
hearing.
 The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
(Republic Act No. 9275)
• Aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-
based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture
and community/household activities). It provides for a comprehensive
and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a
multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.
 What are the prohibited acts under R.A. 9275?

• Discharging or depositing any water pollutant to the water body, or such which will impede natural flow in the water body
• Discharging, injecting or allowing to enter into the soil, anything that would pollute groundwater
• Operating facilities that discharge regulated water pollutants without the valid required permits
• Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea by vessels
• Unauthorized transport or dumping into waters of sewage sludge or solid waste.
• Transport, dumping or discharge of prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants listed under Toxic Chemicals, Hazardous and Nuclear
• Wastes Control Act (Republic Act No. 6969)
• Discharging regulated water pollutants without the valid required discharge permit pursuant to this Act
• Noncompliance of the LGU with the Water Quality Framework and Management Area Action Plan
• Refusal to allow entry, inspection and monitoring as well as access to reports and records by the DENR in accordance with this Act
• Refusal or failure to submit reports and/or designate pollution control officers whenever required by the DENR in accordance with this Act
• Directly using booster pumps in the distribution system or tampering with the water supply in such a way to alter or impair the water quality
• Operate facilities that discharge or allow to seep, willfully or through grave negligence, prohibited chemicals, substances, or pollutantslisted under R.A. No.
6969, into water bodies.
• Undertake activities or development and expansion of projects, or operating wastewater treatment/sewerage facilities in violation of P.D.1586 and its IRR.
 What are the fines and penalties imposed on polluters?
Upon the recommendation of the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), anyone who commits prohibited acts
such as discharging untreated wastewater into any water body will be fined for every day of violation, the
amount of not less than Php 10,000 but not more than Php 200,000.

Failure to undertake clean-up operations willfully shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than two years
and not more than four years. This also includes a fine of not less than Php 50,000 and not more than Php
100,000 per day of violation. Failure or refusal to clean up which results in serious injury or loss of life or lead to
irreversible water contamination of surface, ground, coastal and marine water shall be punished with
imprisonment of not less than 6 years and 1 day and not more than 12 years and a fine of Php 500,000/day for
each day the contamination or omission continues.

In cases of gross violation, a fine of not less than Php 500,000 but not more than Php 3,000,000 will be
imposed for each day of violation. Criminal charges may also be filed.
 Who should implement the Clean Water Act?
The DENR is the primary government agency responsible for the implementation and
enforcement of this Act, with the support of other government organizations, local
government units, non -government organizations and the private sector.

Towards this end, the DENR will review and set affluent standards, review and enforce
water quality guidelines, classify groundwater sources and prepare a national
groundwater vulnerability map, classify or reclassify water bodies, establish
internationally accepted procedures for sampling and analysis, prepare an integrated
water quality management framework and subsequently prepare 10-year management
plans for each water management area.
 Who should implement the Clean Water Act?
The roles of other key government agencies are:
• The Philippine Coast Guard shall enforce water quality standards in marine waters, specifically from offshore
sources.
• The Department of Public Works and Highways through its attached agencies shall provide sewerage and
sanitation facilities, and the efficient and safe collection, treatment and disposal of sewage within their area of
jurisdiction.
• The Department of Agriculture shall formulate guidelines for the re-use of wastewater for irrigation and other
agricultural uses and for the prevention, control and abatement of pollution from agricultural and aquaculture
activities.
• The Department of Health shall set, revise and enforce drinking water quality standards.
• The Department of Science and Technology shall evaluate, verify, develop and disseminate pollution
prevention and cleaner production technologies.
• The Department of Education, Commission on Higher Education, Department of Interior and Local
Government, and the Philippine Information Agency shall prepare and implement a comprehensive and
continuing public education and information program.
Countries With The Best Tap Water
To Drink
Switzerland – No treatment needed
Germany – Groundwater protection zoning
Austria – Alpine spring water
Luxembourg – Excellent lake water quality
Denmark – Better than bottled water