What is MATERIAL SCIENCE ?

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field applying the synthesis

characterization and properties of material to various areas of science and
engineering.

What Properties we are searching in a material ?

1. Strength , Hardness , flexibility.

2.Thermal ,magnetic and electrical Properties.
3. Stability .
4. Catalyst (Acidic or basic )
5. Reusability and eco friendly .
6. Low Cost.

Based on above properties apply them in day today Material .

 CLASSES OF MATERIALS
IONIC CRYSTALS
COVALENT MATERIALS
METAL & ALLOYS
SEMICONDUCTORS
SUPERCONDUCTORS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 CERAMICS
INORGANIC GLASSES
CATALYSTS
 IONIC CRYSTALS
 ionic Bond is Formed by transfer of electrons

Example: NaCl,KCl,MgCl2 etc

Synthesis :
NaCl is currently produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from
other sources.

Mg(OH)2+ 2 HCl → MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O

Properties of Ionic Crystals

1. Solid Crystals have high melting point.

2. They Conduct electricity in molten state.
3. Low thermal conductivity.
4. Soluble in polar solvents.
 APPLICATION OF IONIC CRYSTALS
 NaCl is Used for cooking purpose which make food tasty.

 preservation of cheese, dairy products, meat, pickles and

sauces.

 CaCl2 salt is used as Road salt to remove snow fallen on

road in Cold countries .it lowers the freezing point water.

 Potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer

since the growth of many plants is limited by their potassium
intake.

It is used in preparation of salt bridge which

connects both the half concenteration cells.
 COVALENT MATERIALS
Covalent bond formed by the Sharing of electrons
Example :Diamond, Graphite, Fullerene etc

DIAMOND
 highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk
material.
 A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedral bonded
carbon atoms (sp3)
diamond lattice face centered cubic structure

 Cutting and Drilling - diamonds are frequently embedded in

saw blades.
 Polishing pads – It is used polish hard surface
 GRAPHITE
 Graphite has a layered, planar structure with hexagonal
lattice of Carbon atoms (SP2 ).

 graphite powder with clay mixed in as a binding agent are

used in synthesis of pencil.

FULLURENE
 Fullerene is molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the
form of a hollow sphere.

 Carbon is SP2 hybridization.

 Fullerenes consist of 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal

rings .

Fullerenes are currently applied in cosmetics and sports

goods industries .

 fullerenes are also used in slow drug delivery in a body

 METALS&ALLOYS
 Metallic bonding is the bonding between atoms
within metals.

 Alloy is homogeneous mixture of two or more

elements

Example : copper ,Aluminum , Brass, Stainless steel etc.

Properties of metals and alloys

1.High tensile strength.

2.They exhibit magnetic properties.
3.High Electrical conductivity.
Cupro – Nickel alloy
 APPLICATION OF METALS AND ALLOYS
 Due to Their electric properties they are used
in electric wire and Electrical devices .

 Stainless steel alloy is milled into coils, sheets, plates,

bars, wire, and tubing to be used in cookware, hardware ,
surgical instruments.

 Brass can be used for the metallic coatings of

several lock ,Watch etc.
 SEMICONDUCTORS
 the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their
electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of dopants.
Examples: Si, Ge etc

Dopants:
Boron (3 rd group element )

Phosphorus (5th group element)

PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS

1. They are crystalline and amorphous

2.The conductivity properties lie In-between insulator and conductors.

3. Their conductivity varies with temperature.

 APPLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTORS
Si wafer in photovoltaic cells to convert light energy
to electric energy.

Semiconductor memory uses semiconductor-

based integrated circuits to store information.

A transistor is a semiconductor device used

to amplify and switch electronic signals
 SUPERCONDUCTORS
 An element , intermetallic alloy or compound that will conduct electricity
without resistance below certain Temperature.

Example: YBa2Cu3O7(-178°C),Pb(-265.83°C)etc.

PROPERTIES SUPERCONDUCTORS

1.Meissner effect :
Superconductors are diamagnetic compounds which repel
magnetic field.

2.Josephson effect:
When 2 superconductors sheets are separated by small thin insulating material the
current can pass through without any voltage.
 APPLICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTORS

 Based on Meissner effect trains can be made to

"float" on strong superconducting magnets,
virtually eliminating friction between the train and
its tracks.
Speed :581 KPh in shanghai.

 SQUID's are capable of sensing a change in a

magnetic field over a billion times weaker than the
force that moves the needle on a compass . With this
technology, the body can be probed to certain depths
without the need for the strong magnetic fields
associated with MRI's.
 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
 Polymer: High molecular weight molecule made up of a small repeat
unit (monomer).
A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A
example : polyester ,nylon Bakelite etc.

Types of polymers:
1. Thermoplastics: can be processed by melting (several cycles of
heating and cooling are possible for thermally stabilized polymers)
example: PVC,PET etc

2. Thermosets: cannot be melted or dissolved to be processed: che mical

decomposition occurs before softening.
example: Vulcanized rubber Bakelite.
 Synthesis of Nylon

Decanedioyl dichloride in 1,6-diaminohexane in

C2H2Cl4 aqueous sodium carbonate.

NYLON 6,10

6 indicates the no carbon atoms in amine compound

10 indicates the no of carbon atoms in carbonyl chloride
APPLICATION OF SYNTHETIC POLYMER
 COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 Two inherently different materials that when combined together produce a material
with properties that exceed the constituent materials.

Composite materials consist of two main materials.

1.Reinsforcement(Strong load carrying material) EX: aramide, carbon ,fiberglass
•Tensile Properties
•Stiffness
•Impact Resistance

2.Matrix (imbedded weaker material) EX: polypropylene ,polyvinyl chloride etc.

•Transfer Load to Reinforcement
•Temperature Resistance
•Chemical Resistance

Composite Materials offers

1.High Strength
2.Light Weight
3.Design Flexibility
APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 Carbon fiber composites with polymer matrices, have
become the advanced composite materials for aerospace,
due to their high strength, high Modulus and low cost.

 Helmet and bullet proof jacket Made Up of

Aramide Composite material

Fiber-reinforced plastics have reached the stage

where they could be used for making wheels.
 CERAMICS
Ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent
cooling.
Example: clay ,Mixed oxides like alumina Zirconia Etc

PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

1. Ceramics are Strong solid inert materials.

2. They withstand chemical erosion due to Acid and Caustic.

3. These can withstand high temperature of about 1000 °C to1600°C.

TYPES OF CERAMICS

1.Whitewares clays
2.Refaracotories Have high Silicon or Aluminium oxide content.
3.Abrasives. Natural garnet, diamond, Silicon carbide.
APPLICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS
WHITE WARES are used in including tableware, wall
tiles, pottery products and sanitary ware

REFRACTORIES are used in making fire

bricks silica crucible and ovens. Due to
there low thermal conductivity and high
strength to temperature

Sandpaper is a very common coated abrasive.

 GLASSES
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material and
typically brittle and optically transparent.
Silica(SiO2) is a common fundamental constitute of glass.

Synthesis of glass

1. Mixture of soda ash ,limestone, sand

and broken glass in dry condition.
2. send to furnace and heat to 1600°C
3. Molding.
4. Annealing.
5. shaping.
6. Marketing .
 APPLICATION OF GLASSES
Borosilicate glasses formerly called Pyrex are often used
laboratory reagents due to their resistance to chemical
corrosion and heat

fancy glass started to become

significant branches of the
decorative arts.
 CATALYST
Catalyst is substance which alters the rate of reaction without itself undergoing
any chemical change in the reaction

Acid catalyzed reaction usually catalysed by acids

Ex:H2SO4, HCl, AlCl3, HF,BF3 etc.
Operational Difficulties
1. Corrosive and toxic.
2. difficult to handle.
3. effluent disposal.
4. product separation.

Solid Acid catalyst

• Zeolites aluminosilicate
• Heteropolyacids H3PW12O40
• Sulfated zirconia So4-2 /Zr02
• Mixed oxides Al2O3 ,ZnO
 Zeolite
Zeolites are micro porous crystalline aluminosilicates with Si & Al
Tetrahedral Framework .

Calcination

Tetrapropyl
ammonium bromide
Acidity arises from Framework aluminium
 SHAPE SELECTIVITY IN ZEOLITES
Reactant selectivity
Reactant molecules are to large to diffuse through
the Zeolite pore

Product selectivity
Product are bulky to diffuse out of the pore .
They are converted into less bulky group.

Restricted Transition state Selectivity

Reaction involving transition state would
require more space than available in the
cavities or pores.