Building Material Science

- II
TOPIC : GLASS
SUBMITTED TO : Ar. MADHURI
SUBMITTED BY : AADYA MISHRA
HARGUN CHAWLA
HEMDEEP SINGH
MUSKAN CHOWDHARY
PREETI GAUR
RITIKA VERMA
SANSKRITI VASHISHTH
 TOPICS COVERED:
• WHAT IS GLASS ?
• COMPOSITION
• ENGINEERED PROPERTIES
• MANUFACTURING OF GLASS
• PROPERTIES
• TYPES OF GLASS
• TREATMENT OF CLASS
• MARKET FORMS OF GLASS
 WHAT IS GLASS?

 A hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or

translucent, made by fusing sand with soda and lime
and cooling rapidly.
 Mixture of metallic silicates , one of which is usually
that of an alkali metal.
 Used to make windows, furniture , lampshades ,
bathroom fittings etc.

Source : google photos

Information source : rangwala

 Composition of glass
 The glass is not a single compound. It is therefore
very difficult to give any particular chemical formula
for it.
 But with reasonable accuracy it may generally be
expressed as follows:

aX2O , bYO , 6SiO2

Where a and b are number of molecules ,

X= an atom of an alkali metal such as Na, K , etc.
Y = an atom of a bivalent metal such as Ca, Pb , etc.
Engineered Properties of glass depend on:
 Transparency of Glass
Transparency is the main property of glass which allows the vision of outside world through it.
The transparency of glass can be from both sides or from one side only. In one side transparency,
glass behaves like mirror from the other side.

 Strength of Glass
Strength of glass depends on modulus of rupture value of glass. In general glass is a brittle
material but by adding admixtures and laminates we can make it as more strong.

 Workability of Glass
A glass can be molded into any shape or it can be blown during melting. So, workability of glass is
superior property of glass.

 Transmittance
The visible fraction of light that passing through glass is the property of visible transmittance.

Information source : construction.org

 U value of Glass
U value represents the amount of heat transferred through glass. If a glass is said
to be insulated unit then it should have lower u value.

 Recycle Property of Glass

Any glass can be 100% recyclable. It can also be used as raw material in
construction industry.

Source : google photos

Manufacturing of glass
 The process adopted in the manufacture of glass may
broadly be divided into the following five stages :
1. Collection of raw materials
2. Preparation of batch
3. Melting in furnace
4. Fabrication
5. Annealing
Source : google photos
Properties of glass
 Absorbs , refracts and transmits light .
 Can take up a high polish and may be used as substitute for very costly gems .
 Has no definite crystalline structure
 Has no sharp melting point
 Affected by alkalies
 Excellent electrical insulator at elevated temperatures due to the fact that
glass can be considered as an iconic liquid .
 Available in beautiful colours
 Behaves more as a solid than most solids in the sense that it is elastic
 Extremely brittle
 Not usually affected by air and water
 Not easily affected by ordinary chemical reagents
 Possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion.
 Types of glass:

 Soda – lime glass or commercial glass : Also known as

soda – glass or soft glass . Mainly a mixture of sodium
silicate and calcium silicate.
Properties :
• Available in clean and clear state .
• It is cheap.
• Easily fusible at comparatively low temperatures .
• Possible to blow or weld articles made from this glass
with the help of simple sources of heat , Soda lime glass
Source : google photos
Uses : used in manufacture of glass tubes and other
laboratory apparatus , plate glass , window glass , etc.
 Potash – lime glass : Also known as the bohemian glass or
hard glass. It is mainly a mixture of potassium silicate and
calcium silicate .
Properties :
• Fuses at high temperature .
• Not easily affected by water or other solvents .
• Does not melt so easily.
Uses : used in manufacture of glass articles which have to Source : google photos
withstand high temperatures such as combustion tubes etc.
 Potash – lead glass : Also known as the flint glass. Mainly a mixture of
potassium silicate and lead silicate .
Properties :
• Fuses very easily .
• Easily attacked by aqueous solutions.
• Possesses bright lustre and great refractive power.
• Specific gravity is about 3 to 3.3
• Turns black and opaque , if comes in contact with reducing gases of the
furnace during heating
Uses : used in the manufacture of artificial gems , electric bulbs, lenses , prisms Source : google photos
etc.
 Common glass : Also known as the bottle glass. Prepared from cheap raw
materials . Mainly a mixture of sodium silicate, calcium silicate , and iron
silicate .
Properties :
• Fuses with difficulty
• Brown, green or yellow in colour .
• Easily attacked by acids.
Uses : mainly used in the manufacture of medicine bottles .

Source: google photos

 Borosilicate glass : familiar in the form of ovenware and other heat – resisting
ware , better known under the trade name pyrax.
Made mainly of 70 % to 80% silica and 7% to 13% boric oxide with smaller amounts of
the alkalis ( sodium and potassium oxides ) and aluminium oxide.
Properties :
• Has a relatively low alkali content and consequently has good chemical durability
and thermal shock resistance .
• Has high softening point.
• Does not break when temperature changes quickly.
Uses : widely used in chemical industry , for laboratory apparatus , for various high
intensity lighting applications and as glass fibres used in the reinforced plastics to
make protective helmets, boats , piping, car chassis, rope , car exhausts and many
other items and also in textile industry

Source : google photos

Treatment of glass
 The glass may be given any of the following treatment :
• Bending : glass may be bent into desired shape by placing it in ovens in which
the temperature can be regulated . The glass in the form of rods , sheets or
tubes is placed in such ovens and heated. It is then bent with when it is
suitably heated .
• Cutting : The glass is cut in required sizes with the help of diamond or rough
glasses or small wheels of hardened steel .
• Opaque making : the glass can also be made opaque or impervious to light, it
is done by grinding the glass surface with emery . It can also be achieved
chemically by the application of hydrofluoric acid.
• Silvering : process consists in applying a very thin layer of tin on the surface
of glass. The silver is deposited on this layer of tin. A suitable paint is then
applied to give protection against atmospheric agents .
 TEMPERED GLASS :
DEFINITION : Tempered glass is defined as toughened glass that has been treated by heat (upto 600 `c) or
chemicals to increase its strength. It is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical
treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into
compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into
small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards

STRENGTH : Tempered glass is four to five times stronger than annealed glass of the same size and
thickness against impact. Tempered glass has higher thermal strength, and it can withstand high temperature
changes up to 250°C. Mechanical Strength --Four to five times stronger than
annealed glass
Tensile Strength -- 65 MPa
Bending Strength--120-200 N/mm2

ADVANTAGE :
Strength & Safety Considerations
• Four to five times stronger than annealed glass
• Two to three times stronger than heat strengthened glass
• Fragments into small, relatively harmless pieces, reducing the likelihood of injury. Source :
Heat resistance http://hongjiaglass
• Withstands both uneven heating and high temperatures due to its superior edge strength compared to .com/product-
normal annealed glass item/flat-
tempered-glass
THERMAL BREAKGAGE :
Thermal breakage starts at the edge and is perpendicular to the glass edge.A fully tempered glass has significantly higher
edge strength to withstand chances of thermal breakage

DISADVANTAGES :
• Re-sizing, re-cutting and re-working on a toughened glass is not possible
• The glass will break completely if its edges are damaged
• The waviness on its surface creates problems in making thin film solar cells

USAGE :
Tempered glass offers a wide variety of uses in industries including building, manufacturing, automotive, to name a few.
There is a wide scope for the use of tempered glass in the building industry. Used on facades, showroom shelves,
dividers, shower cabins, doors etc. The manufacturing industry uses tempered glass in ovens, refrigerators, fireplace
screens, and shelves.
In the motor vehicle industry, tempered glass is commonly used inside and rear windows.

RECYCLE PROPERTY : 100% recyclable.

WORKABILITY :
Tempered glass thickness (t) in a range of: 3,8 – 19,0 mm
Min. sizes of tempered glass: 120 x 250 mm
Max. sizes: t > 4,7 mm – 2440 x 4200 mm
Max. sizes: t < 4,7 mm – 1700 x 2500 mm
Source :
http://educationcenter.p
TRANSPARENCY : highly transparent pg.com/glasstopics/heate
d_glass.aspx
 HEAT REFLECTING GLASS :
DEFINITION: Heat Reflective glass is glass that has been treated with a metallic coating to allow it to
reflect heat. It is not reflective in the sense that it acts as a mirror, although some products do indeed
have a highly reflective surface, but rather in the sense that it reflects radiation rather than absorbing
it.

STRENGTH : slightly higher than the normal glass

ADVANTAGES:
• solar and temperature control
• UV-radiation blocking
• providing cooler interiors
• reduced glare
• and increased energy efficiency.
• Colour range
This glass is also visually appealing , it gives an upmarket feel.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Low-E coatings tend to be quite fragile
• more expensive
• Worse at transmitting light Source : http://www.burrillandco.com/pz52ae535-
cz5b1da93-8mm-heat-reflective-glass-coated-tempered-
glass-building-glass-curtain-walls-glass.html
RECYCLE PROPERTY : 100% RECYCLABLE
USAGE:
• Heat generated inside the building tends to stay in the building when the windows are made
from reflective glass, which reduces heating costs. Conversely, heat from the outside stays
outside, with the radiation being bounced back by the glass. This keeps the building cool in
summer. Some structures that use it may be able to scale down or eliminate their climate
control systems and other passive measures, while others need to run these systems less
frequently, saving money and helping the environment out at the same time.

• A classic use of this type of glass is in building facades. Glassed-in buildings wax and wane in
popularity around the world, and when they are in vogue, using reflective options can cut
down on operating costs over the building's lifetime, in addition to making the interior more
pleasant to work in. Reflective auto glass is also available for installation in environmentally
friendly vehicles.

• GREEN BUILDINGS

U –VALUE : 5.67 W/m2K

TRANSPARENCY : are not perfectly transparent and have a blueish-green color .

TRANSMITTANCE : very less due to more heat insulation (17 %)

Source : http://www.hopsonglass.com/news/do-you-
know-heat-reflective-glass.html
 MULTILAYERED GLASS :
DEFINITION : Multilayer glass consists of two pieces of glass containing a sandwich of plastic
interlayer. If the glass does get broken this interlayer holds the whole piece in place . The layer
quantity is 2, 3, 5, 7, up to 9. For double-layer glass, the common thickness of glass sheet is (mm)
2 + 3, 3 + 3 and 3 + 5 etc.

STRENGTH : has the same strength as ordinary glass .

TRANSPARENCY: has good transparency, and its impact resistance is several times higher than that
of ordinary sheet glass.
USAGE :
generally applied to doors, windows and skylights of high buildings, and showcases and partitions in
stores, banks and jewelry shops etc.
prevents important and precious furniture and exhibiting artworks from fading

ADVANTAGES:
• Safety and Security –Due to how laminated glass is constructed, it is near on impossible to
break. Because of this, anyone wishing to break through it such as burglars would find it difficult
to do so, decreasing the chances of anyone breaking in
• Designs –With multilayer glass comes the chance to be creative with how it is designed. If you
work in the likes of an art gallery, you may understandably want the glass to emit a certain tint
or color, which can be done with this glass.
• Emission Control – seen as low emissivity . It lessens the need for emissions from the likes of air conditioning.
there is reduced heat from natural sunlight passing through the glass.
• UV PROOF
• SOUND PROOF

DISADVANTAGES :
• Difficult to Install
• Expensive

U-VALUE : 5.8W/m2k

Source :
Source :
http://cornwallglass.co.uk/homeowner/la
http://www.nytempering.com/product/la
minated-glass
minated-glass-bulletproof/
 FLOAT GLASS :
DEFINITION :Float glass is named for the process of forming molten glass into
large, flat panels. During the process, molten glass is floated on molten tin,
producing the smoothest possible large, thin glass panel.
 This is a basic sheet of glass before it is cut, treated, upgraded and set into a
frame – a starting material for your window. This is low-cost, colorless glass as
the starting point for what will become quality windows, glass doors and
panels.
 ADVANTAGES : Recyclability
• Transparence (permeable to light)
• Hardness
• No absorbance
• Great electric insulator
• Low thermal conductivity
• Sources largely found in the nature
• Durability
SIZE AND THICKNESS :
• Available in thicknesses from 2 mm to 19 mm
• Width – 715 mm to 3660 mm.
• Length – 914 mm to 6100mm.
PRECAUTIONS :
• Float glass can break due to excessive thermal stresses. Thermal breakage
occurs due to uneven heating of glass. The uneven heating can be caused by
solar irradiance or other heat sources.
• For high rise buildings float glass should not be used in exteriors as it may
break due to high wind loads. For such cases toughened glass should be used

SOURCE : php family Source : MGF-DZ

APPLICATIONS :

 Float glass is the most commonly used in glass windows. It is sometimes also
called window glass.
 Clear float glasses are highly popular in the construction of architectural
exteriors and interiors of the building.
 It has wide application in residential structures. Float glass is used in doors,
windows, tabletops, stairs, bottles, glass partitions, furniture articles, etc.
 Float glass is also used in commercial structures in the form of facades and
glazing to provide better aesthetics.
 It can be processed to produce various glasses such as laminated glass,
toughened glass, insulated glass units, mirrors, etc.
 High-performance glass such low e glass can be made from float glass by
coating it with metal oxides.
 It is used in automobiles, electronic machines, medical equipments , optical
instruments, etc.
 SHEET GLASS :
DEFINITION : Glass drawn from a molten bath into a thin sheet of film.
COMPOSITION : Roughly composed of:
• 100 parts of sand,
• 35 parts of chalk or lime stone,
• 40 parts of soda,
• 50 parts of broken glass, which act as a Cullet.
Size & Thickness:
Available in thickness from 2 mm to 6.5 mm
Size up to 110 to 175 cm.
Produced in 3 classes
a) Ordinary Glazing Quality
b) Selected Glazing Quality
c) Special Selected Quality
Manufacturing Process:
• Molten glass is forced by hydrostatic pressure through a narrow slit on a fire clay float.
• Glass is drawn from the slit as a sheet of viscous liquid.
• As soon as it becomes solid, it is passed through asbestos covered rollers.
• The sheet is then cut in required length.
USAGE:
Glazing of doors, Windows, Ventilators , Sky lights.

SOURCE : google photos

 WIRED GLASS :
DEFINITION : Steel wire mesh is placed in the glass during the manufacturing
process. The wire mesh acts as a reinforcement. If the glass breaks due to impact, the
pieces of glass are held by wire reinforcement in position.
Wired glass has high resistance to fire as it does not break when exposed to fire. Due
to such property, it is also called fire-rated glass or fireproof glass. Thus in areas
which are prone to fire, people prefer to install wire glass windows rather than float
glass windows. The wire mesh is available in square grids as well as diamond grids.
Size & Thickness:
Wired glass is available in thickness
ranging from 6 mm to 19 mm.
The standard size of glass sheets
is 1370 mm x 1370 mm.
The maximum size of wired glass sheet
available is 1981 mm x 2540 mm.

Source :
https://gharpedia.com
/wired-glass/
ADVANTAGES :
• Due to wire mesh present in the glass, wired glass blocks fire and some to enter the
building for some time. This provides people sufficient time to escape from the building
and thus it helps in preventing life damage in case of fire emergencies.
• Wired glass can break through impact, but the fragments of glass stick to the wire mesh
and hence help in preventing a burglary or a theft.
• It has high resistance to thermal and electric shock as compared to float glass.
• Wired glass is less expensive as compared to other safety glass such as laminated glass,
so it is used as a cheaper fire-rated glass or cheaper safety glass.
• Wired glass can also be used in the form of tinted glass and patterned glass. Hence it
can also impart decorative aesthetic to the windows.

Source :
https://gharpedia.com
/wired-glass/
DISADVANTAGES :
• Most people think that the placing of wire into the glass makes it stronger, but
in fact, the wire in the glass actually weakens the glass from the strength
standpoint and makes it more susceptible to breaking.
• Upon breakage, the sharp wires in the glass are exposed, which may serious
injuries to persons in the vicinity of the glass. Hence it is not recommended
to install wire glass windows areas where kids are frequently visiting such as
schools, institutions, vicinity of gardens, etc.
• If a clear view is desired, wired glass cannot be used as wires in the glass
obstructs and distorts the view.
• Wired glass does not have high durability in areas which are exposed to more
rain and humidity, as the wire in the glass will rust eventually
USAGE :
• It is widely used in places where nominal fire resistance properties are required.
• Wired glass is used in windows and partitions of schools, institutions, public
buildings, government offices, hotels, etc.
• Wired glass is generally installed in windows of fire escape routes of the
structure, to gain time for evacuating people in case of fire emergencies.
• Windows in stairwells and in hallways are prime examples of emergency exits
where fire rated wire glass is a smart addition.
• It is used in roofs , skylights, fire resisting doors and windows.
 LAMINATED GLASS :
DEFINITION : Laminated glass is an extra-strong, security-enhanced glass created by
fusing at least two panes around an inner layer of PVB (polyvinyl butyral). This process
uses a high heat and pressure fusion process to create a super-strong panel.
 If you need glass to stay put in the frame if it’s broken, for safety or security
reasons, this would be one of your best choices. After all, it’s laminated glass
technology that you’ll find in your vehicle’s windshield: ensuring that an object
colliding with the glass does not strike the occupant and spray glass shards inside.
Applications of Laminated Glass:
• Laminated glass is widely used in manufacturing and automotive industries and in a
variety of commercial and residential applications because of its safety, security,
sound abatement and solar control characteristics.
• In glass skylights, sun spaces, sloped glazing installations and curtain walls, there is
always the possibility of glass breakage. This is why many building codes worldwide
use laminated glass for overhead glazing.
• It is used in schools, hospitals, hotels and office buildings, and wherever there are
sound control requirements.
 COLOURED OR TINTED GLASS :
DEFINITION : Tinted glass is any kind of glass which has coloring added. This can
be done for several reasons, including design aesthetic, privacy and reducing
heat from sunlight. Tinted glass can also be a form of protection against harmful
UV rays.

COLOUR SUBSTANCES
1. Blue Cobalt oxide , cupric oxide
2. Dark blue or dark brown or dark Cobalt , manganese and iron oxides
violet
3. Green Ferric oxide
4. Red Caprous oxide , metallic gold
5. Violet Manganese dioxide
6. White opaque Tin oxide

USAGE : artificial precious stones , window panels , fancy articles , decorative

tiles etc.
 GLASS BLOCKS :
DEFINITION : These are partially evacuated and completely sealed hollow units which are
formed by fusing together two halves of pressed glass . The edges are coated with a grit
bearing plastic material so that permanent and effective bond with the mortar is ensured.
 Available in square sizes with dimensions as 150 mm , 200mm and 300 mm with the
approx. thickness of 100 mm.
 One or both the faces of the blocks are suitably treated to obscure the glass and to
diffuse lights.
 High insulating value and are set in cement mortar.
ADVANTAGES :
1. Easy to clean and hence well maintained
2. Excellent in light transmission
3. Provide very good insulation against cold, heat and noise.
Source : google photos
Not intended to carry superimposed loads. But they possess adequate strength to carry their
own weight upto a maximum height of 6m .
Also able to resist the effect of lateral wind pressure for individual panels not exceeding 11
m2 in area.
 USE OF FILM GLASS :
DEFINITION : Glass film is a polyester product typically made of Polyethylene
Teraphthalate (PET). Most films are applied to the interior surface of a glass
window in a home, commercial building, or car, they also have a scratch resistant
coating on the outer surface to protect the film
• Many window film providers offer a warranty of up to 15 years for commercial
installations. Depending on the film type, glass type, window construction and
the location of the building, some professionally installed window films can
last well past their warranties. Most factory warranties will cover issues such
as peeling, bubbling, rippling, cracking, adhesive failure, among others
• It can help hold glass in windows together, thus helping to prevent shattering
• It can help prevent potential physical harm
• It can help prevent high winds from entering a structure

Source: https://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-
buzz/entryid/344/window-film-separating-fact-from-fiction
 GLASS AS A BUILDING MATERIAL :
Glass contributes to aesthetics , being
transparent gives a sense of open space.
• But it traps heat
• Buildings with high proportion of glass, thus
get overheated, pushing up the energy use
for keeping it cool. This is unsuitable for the
tropical climate of India.
• Thus glass industries devised technologies
like double glazing with air gap for
insulation.
• energy use increases with the increase in
glazed area, irrespective of glass type,
climate or orientation of the building
• glazing on the northern wall of a building
allows the least gain in heat as compared to
any other facade orientation
• But if the glass wall covers more than 20 per
cent of the south-facing facade, the building
Source :
overheats even in winters https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/reflecti
ons-on-glass-39703
Source : http://www.understandconstruction.com/glass.html
Netherland Institute for Sound and
Vision, Netherlands
The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision is one of the most colourful and dramatic glass
buildings in the world.
The building was structured as a cube and then covered with coloured cast glass panels.
Coloured and tempered light enters through the glazed frontage of the superstructure where
iconic images of Dutch TV history appear during the day in the breaking of the light.
The Sage, England
The Sage is a centre for performing arts, music education, and conference. The original design of
the building is a curve with steel and glass as the main construction material.
The Dancing House, Prague
The Dancing house in Prague stands out among Prague’s beautiful old architecture as a dazzling
modern piece of art.
The use of curves in the building imitates the aerodynamic form of planes and sports cars. The
use of curves in the building imitates the aerodynamic form of planes and sports cars.
 Sports and leisure center
Saint-cloud

 The Sports and Leisure Center, located in Saint-

Cloud France, is an impressive glass building which
blends bold colors and a modern cubism design, yet
is highly usable and valuable space.
 Designed for the youth of Saint-Cloud, KOZ
Architects created this space to be fun, and utilized
maximum space for the different sports facilities
inside.
 Glass Type : Tinted glass
 THE NATIONAL GRAND THEATER OF
CHINA
It is located in Beijing, China. It is a multi-functioning glass
building designed by architect Paul Andreu. The structure
stands in a man-made island and hosts an opera house,
concert hall, shopping district and more. The National
Grand Theater is made from glass and titanium.
 AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI
In Al Bahar Towers by Aedas, Abu Dhabi, the solar-
responsive dynamic screen reduces the solar gain of
the towers. The lightly tinted glass reduces the
incoming daylight at all times and not only in
situations when the temperature is critical.

CLIMATE – Hot desert climate

Contains a shading device that is operated through

a sun tracking software that controls opening and
closing according to the suns angle .

Source :
https://www.glasso
nweb.com/article/e
valuation-adaptive-
facades-case-study-
al-bahr-towers-uae
 MARKET SURVEY

 MARKET VISITED : WP-439/1, Shiv

Market, WAZIRPUR Village, Ashok
Vihar, Delhi, Ashok Vihar, Delhi 110052
Multilayered glass costs Rs. 300 per ft

Transparent plain glass

• Costs – Rs. 70- Rs75
• Thickness – 5mm, 6mm,8mm and 12mm

Brown tinted glass

• Cost – Rs. 55
• Thickness – 5mm , 6mm ,8mm , 10mm and
12mm

Black tinted glass

• Cost – Rs. 55
• Thickness – 5mm,6mm ,8mm ,10mm and
12mm

MULTILAYERED GLASS
Reflected glass
Five colours are available : brown , black , grey ,
blue, light gold

Light gold is more expensive than others . Cost –

Rs. 60

All others cost Rs. 55

Frosted glass
Thickness – 5mm only
Cost – Rs. 60

Looking mirror
Available in brown and grey . Cost – Rs. 125 Brown tinted glass
Also available in normal
Thickness – 5mm
 Mirrors Glass frames

Glass films
Mostly used glass : reflected glass ( used mostly in malls ) , tinted glass , clear
glass , light gold glass , mirror

Common manufacturers : Saint – Gobain sekurit india PVT LTD. , Gujarat

guardian limited ( modiguard), asahi india glass

Chinese mirror are cheaper than Indian but available less in market due to poor
quality.
LINKS :
www.heritagewindows.com/additional-resources/what-tempered-
glass/

https://www.theglassguru.com/tempered-glass.php

http://www.glazette.com/glass-knowledge-bank-25/tempered-
glass.html

http://EzineArticles.com/7963516

http://www.blindex.com.br/en/about-us/glass-history/what-is-
float-glass

https://gharpedia.com/wired-glass/

https://gharpedia.com/sheet-plate-glass-all-you-need-know/

https://gharpedia.com/float-glass/
LINKS :
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-low-e-heat-reflective-
windows-work.html

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-reflective-glass.htm

http://www.glazette.com/reflective-glassfor-building-design-
348.html

https://www.aisglass.com/pressrealasefiles/AIS-Sunshield-
Parameters.pdf

https://gharpedia.com/wired-glass/

http://www.glass-academy.com/laminated-glass/

https://www.4feldco.com/articles/types-of-window-glass/
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/reflections-on-glass-
39703
LINKS :
http://in.saint-gobain-glass.com/content/what-laminated-glass
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/laminated-glass
https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-glass-properties-uses-
construction/14755/
https://ezinearticles.com/?Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-
Laminated-Glass&id=6894251
https://www.buildings.com/buzz/buildings-
buzz/entryid/344/window-film-separating-fact-from-fiction

https://www.glassonweb.com/article/evaluation-adaptive-facades-
case-study-al-bahr-towers-uae
BOOKS : RANGAWALA
Thankyou