CHAPTER 2:

RESPIRATION

2.1 human respiratory system

what is Respiration?
 2.1 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Breathing is the process that brings in the oxygen (inhaling) that the
body so desperately needs and brings out carbon dioxides
(exhaling)from the body.

• The system in the body that helps us to breath is

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Bronch
us

Alveoli
(enlarged)
Bronchiole

Alveoli
 Trachea:
* Strong, muscular air tube,
* Leads air into lung.
Nose:
* Always moist, Bronchi:
* Has fine hairs, *Singular:
* Filter the air. bronchus
*Air tubes,
*Branches
Bronchioles:
from the
*Fine air
trachea.
tubes,
*Branches
from the
bronchi.
 Diaphragm:
Alveoli:
*Large sheet of
*A sac filled
muscle,
with air,
*Can contract
*At the end of
and relax.
the bronchioles,
*Surrounded by
blood
capillaries.
 Rib muscle:
*Also known as
intercostal muscle,
*Contraction and
relaxation causes
the ribs to move
upwards or
downwards,
*Causes chest
cavity (thoracic
cavity) to expand
Ribs: or contract,
* Protect the lungs. allowing inhalation
and exhalation.
 Organs of the Function
respiratory
system
Diaphragm Changes the air pressure
in the thoracic cavity by
increasing or decreasing
the thoracic volume
Ribs Protect the lungs
Alveolus The place where the
exchange of gaseous
occurs
 Organs of the Function
respiratory
system
Intercostal Raise and lower the rib
muscles cage during breathing
Blood capillaries Carry oxygenated blood
from the alveoli and
deoxygenated blood to
the alveoli
BREATHING MECHANISM
The pathway of air in the breathing mechanism

Nasal
Nostril Pharynx
cavity

Larynx Trachea Bronchus

Bronchiole Alveolus
• intercostal muscles
contract

• Ribcage moves
upwards and outwards
• Diaphragm muscles
contract
•Diaphragm flattens
• Volume of the thoracic
cavity increases
• Higher air pressure
outside forces airMalaysia
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into lung
• intercostal muscles relax

• Ribcage moves
downwards and inwards
• Diaphragm muscles
relax
• Diaphragm curves
upwards
• Volume of the thoracic
cavity decreases
• Higher air pressure
inside forces air flows
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out of lungs
 Differences between the mechanisms of
inhalation and exhalation

Inhalation Part that involves Exhalation

Contract intercostal muscles Relax

Upwards Movement of rib Downwards

and cage and
outwards inwards
Contract Diaphragm muscles Relax
Flattens Shape of Curves
diaphragm upwards
 Inhalation Part that involves Exhalation
Increases Thoracic volume Decreases
Low Air pressure inside High
thoracic
Air from Air movement Air is forced
atmosphere out of the
is forced lungs
into the
lungs
PBL-FIRST PROJECT
Model of the lungs

Glass tube- Trachea

Y shaped glass tube -
Bronchus
Ballon – Lungs
Air space inside glass jar–
Thoracic cavity
Glass jar– rib cage

Rubber sheet- Diaphragm

 The rubber
The handle is sheet is
pulled down: pushed up:

• volume of • volume of
bell jar bell jar
increases decreases
• Balloon • balloons
expands contracts
• Air pressure • air pressure
in bell jar inside bell jar
decreases increases
• air enters to • air is force
the balloons out from the
through the balloons
glass tube Inhalation Exhalation through glass
tube