Abstraction In Java

• Abstraction is a process of hiding the

implementation details and showing only
functionality to the user.
• There are two ways to achieve abstraction in
java
Abstract class (0 to 100%)
Interface (100%)
 Abstract class in Java
• A class which is declared as abstract is known
as an abstract class. It can have abstract and
non-abstract methods.
• It needs to be extended and its method
implemented. It cannot be instantiated.
• Rule: If you are extending an abstract class
that has an abstract method, you must either
provide the implementation of the method or
make this class abstract.
• Class A
• {
• Abstract void run();
• } //CTE
 Interface in Java
• An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static
constants and abstract methods.
• interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. It
cannot have a method body.
• Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.
• It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class.
• Since Java 8, we can have default and static
methods in an interface.
• Since Java 9, we can have private methods in an
interface.
 Why use Java interface?
• There are mainly three reasons to use
interface. They are given below.
• It is used to achieve abstraction.
• By interface, we can support the functionality
of multiple inheritance.
• It can be used to achieve loose coupling.
• Interface fields are public, static and final by
default, and the methods are public and
abstract.
Multiple inheritance in Java by
interface
• If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an
interface extends multiple interfaces, it is
known as multiple inheritance.
 Java Inner Classes
• Java inner class or nested class is a class which
is declared inside the class or interface.
• We use inner classes to logically group classes
and interfaces in one place so that it can be
more readable and maintainable.
• Additionally, it can access all the members of
outer class including private data members
and methods.
 Syntax
class Java_Outer_class{
//code
class Java_Inner_class{
//code
}
}
 Advantage of java inner classes
• 1) Nested classes represent a special type of
relationship that is it can access all the members
(data members and methods) of outer
class including private.
• 2) Nested classes are used to develop more
readable and maintainable code because it
logically group classes and interfaces in one place
only.
• 3) Code Optimization: It requires less code to
write.
 Difference between nested class and
inner class in Java
• Inner class is a part of nested class. Non-static
nested classes are known as inner classes.
 Types of Nested classes
• There are two types of nested classes non-
static and static nested classes. The non-static
nested classes are also known as inner classes.
• Non-static nested class (inner class)
– Member inner class
– Anonymous inner class
– Local inner class
• Static nested class
Type Description

Member Inner Class A class created within class

and outside method.

Anonymous Inner Class A class created for

implementing interface or
extending class. Its name is
decided by the java compiler.

Local Inner Class A class created within method.

Static Nested Class A static class created within

class.

Nested Interface An interface created within

class or interface.
Internal working of Java member inner
class
• The java compiler creates two class files in
case of inner class. The class file name of inner
class is "Outer$Inner".
• If you want to instantiate inner class, you must
have to create the instance of outer class. In
such case, instance of inner class is created
inside the instance of outer class.
 Java static nested class
• A static class i.e. created inside a class is called
static nested class in java. It cannot access
non-static data members and methods. It can
be accessed by outer class name.
• It can access static data members of outer
class including private.
• Static nested class cannot access non-static
(instance) data member or method.
 Static Inner Class Code Example
• In this example, you need to create the
instance of static nested class because it has
instance method msg(). But you don't need to
create the object of Outer class because
nested class is static and static properties,
methods or classes can be accessed without
object.
 Java Nested Interface
• An interface i.e. declared within another
interface or class is known as nested interface.
The nested interfaces are used to group
related interfaces so that they can be easy to
maintain.
• The nested interface must be referred by the
outer interface or class. It can't be accessed
directly.
 Points to remember for nested
interfaces
• Nested interface must be public if it is
declared inside the interface but it can have
any access modifier if declared within the
class.
• Nested interfaces are declared static implicitly.
 Can we define a class inside the
interface?
• Yes, If we define a class inside the interface,
java compiler creates a static nested class.
interface M
{
class A{}
}
 Java Lambda Expressions
• Lambda expression is a new and important
feature of Java which was included in Java SE
8.
• It provides a clear and concise way to
represent one method interface using an
expression.
• It is very useful in collection library. It helps to
iterate, filter and extract data from collection.
• The Lambda expression is used to provide the
implementation of an interface which has
functional interface.
• Lambda expression provides implementation
of functional interface. An interface which has
only one abstract method is called functional
interface.
• Java provides an annotation
@FunctionalInterface, which is used to declare
an interface as functional interface.
 Functional Interface
• An Interface that contains exactly one abstract
method is known as functional interface.
• It can have any number of default, static methods
but can contain only one abstract method. It can
also declare methods of object class.
• Functional Interface is also known as Single
Abstract Method Interfaces or SAM Interfaces.
• It is a new feature in Java, which helps to achieve
functional programming approach.
 Why use Lambda Expression
• To provide the implementation of Functional
interface.
• Less coding.
Syntax
(argument-list) -> {body}
 Syntax Tear Down
• Java lambda expression is consisted of three
components.
• 1) Argument-list: It can be empty or non-
empty as well.
• 2) Arrow-token: It is used to link arguments-
list and body of expression.
• 3) Body: It contains expressions and
statements for lambda expression.