MRI BASIC PRINCIPLES

BY
GOKUL.L
ANALYSIS OF BASICS

• Introduction
• Special feature of MRI
• Limitations of MRI
• History
• Magnetism property
• Hydrogen atom
• T1 relaxation
• T2 relaxation
• Questionaries
• Conclusion
some aspects of MRI
WHAT IS MRI ?
• MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging that uses
magnets and radio waves for imaging unlike CT &
X-RAY as it possess radiation

• Raymond Damadian invented MRI in 1969

SPECIAL FEATURES OF MRI

• High contrast sensitivity

• Non ionizing radiation

• Examine anatomic & physiological properties

• Imaging blood flow without contrast

LIMITATIONS OF MRI

• High equipment cost

• Scan acquisition complexity

• Long imaging time

• Image artifacts

• Some patients are claustrophobic

HISTORY…

• Initially x-ray was found thus produces shadow image

of bone

• But very limited to asses the pathology

E.g. ;- Pneumoenchehalography procedure to find

pathology in x-ray
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

• Computed tomography imaging done by the principle of

tomography

• It leads to find 3 planes

axial, coronal, sagittal

• Alton McCormack & god Frey Hounsfield

Won noble prize on 1979

GLASS & HARPER INVENTION…
• To study the blood flow of the brain conducted
experiment

• They breathe XENON radioactive gas

• Thus dissolved in lung and circulates in blood

• Geiger counter studies blood flow non-invasive

• Limitation – average rate of blood flow overall

CONTED…
• Innovation of positron emission tomography counters
that limitation by

• Particles moves in opposite direction in a vessel

• Thus helps to calculate the average blood flow of that

particular vessel and pathology
MAGNETISM PROPERTY

• Its is a fundamental property of matter i.e., every matter

posses magnetic susceptibility

• Based on susceptibility the material divide into

- Diamagnetic - negative susceptibility [ water, calcium ]

- Paramagnetic - slight positive [ gadolinium ]

-Ferromagnetic - high positive [ iron ]

HOW MAGNETIC FILED IS PRODUCED?

• Gradient coil – superconductor

• Tesla – strength of magnetic field

GRADIENT COIL
HYDROGEN ATOM
• WHAT IS ATOM ?
Its is a smallest particle consist of protons[+] , neutron
[0], electron [-]

• Human body composed of 70% of water

PROTON

• It is positively charged

• Its acts a medium in body which helps

the magnetic field to influence and collect
information

• Its aligns differently with or without magnetic filed

• Odd nuclei of proton of atom spins

PROTON WITHOUT MAGNETIC FILED

• It aligned randomly in the body

PROTON IN MAGNETIC FILED

• It aligned in a average direction called Bo

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRECESSION
AND RESONANCE
• Precession – proton absorb the magnetic field
And spin on its own axis

• Resonance – proton spin synchronous with applied

magnetic field

e.g. :- strong magnetic field – fast spin

T1 RELAXATION

• STEP 1
CONTD…

• STEP 2
CONTD…

• STEP 3 – release RF energy

CONTD…

• STEP 4
T1 TIME DECAY
T2 RELAXATION

• STEP 1
CONTD…

• STEP 2 – partial dephasing because some

proto spin faster and slower
CONTD

• STEP 3 – completely dephased signal

retrieve back randomly
T1 V/S T2
HOW OTHER SEQUENCE DIFFER?

• By changing the RF frequency randomly –

noise
LARMOR EQUATION

• Gives relationship between M.F strength & angular

frequency

• Wo = r Bo r - gyromagnetic ratio ( MHZ/Tesla)

2pi = r Bo f - linear frequency (MHZ)
f = (r/2pi)Bo Bo - M.F strength ( Tesla )

• strong magnetic field - fast spin 3T - 127.6MHZ

• weak magnetic field – slow spin- 1.5T – 63.9MHZ

REPETATION TIME AND ECHO TIME
FARADAY CAGE

• The scan room of MRI designed in this

cage acts a shield of electromagnetic field
COILS
• Which acts as a transmitter and receiver
• The received RF pulses contain the data
for image reconstruction
• Which is kept close to the scanning region
to avoid the diversification of frequency
QUESTIONARIES

• 1. Bo determines the average direction of

protons in high energy state

Find statement is TRUE or FALSE

false
CONTD

• 2. In superconductivity the electric field is

inversely proportional to magnetic field

Find the statement is TRUE or false

false
CONTD

• 3. The dephasing occurs in T2 relaxation

is due to fast spinning protons

Find the statement is TRUE or FALSE

true
CONTD…

• 4. The atom consist of 6 proton and 6

electrons due to influence of magnetic field
the proton of that atom spins

Find statement is true or false and give reason

False. Proton + ,neutron =, electron –

In this proton and electron even so cancel
eachother
CONTD…

• 5. At resistance zero and when tesla

increases magnetic field strength also
increases

Find statement is true or false? And what

resistance zero means?

True. superconductivity
conclusion

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging is one of the

most efficient and inventions in history, MRI
made many things that were not possible
earlier, to be possible. However it also
posses
some disadvantages like thermal
effect,claustrophobia etc.,
THANK YOU…