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EMULSION
Water
Oil
(continuous phase)
(continuous phase) Water droplet
Oil droplet
(dispersed (dispersed phase)
phase)
Multiple Emulsion Types
Detection Tests:
DILUTION TEST:
• based on the solubility of external phase of emulsion.
- o/w emulsion can be diluted with water.
- w/o emulsion can be diluted with oil.
Detection Tests:
CONDUCTIVITY TEST:
• water is good conductor of electricity whereas oil is
non- conductor. Therefore, continuous phase of water
runs electricity more than continuous phase of oil.
Detection Tests:
DYE-SOLUBILITY TEST:
• when an emulsion is mixed with a water soluble dye such
as amaranth and observed under the microscope.
• if the continuous phase appears red, then it means that
the emulsion is o/w type as water is the external phase
• if the scattered globules appear red and continuous
phase colorless, then it is w/o type.
Detection Tests:
FLUORESCENCE TEST:
• Oils give fluorescence.
• Under UV light, while water doesn’t. Therefore,
O/W emulsion shows spotty pattern while W/O
emulsion fluoresces.
What is an emulsifier?
'Hydrophilic 'Lipophilic'
' 'Hydrophobic
'Lipophobic' '
What is an emulsifier?
•
An emulsifier is a surface active agent with an affinity
for both the oil and the water phases on the same
molecule
•
An emulsifier reduces the surface tension at the oil /
water interface and protects the newly formed droplet
interfaces from immediate coalescence
Mechanism Of Action
When two immiscible liquids are agitated together so that one
of the liquids is dispersed as small droplets in the other. To
prevent coalescence between globules, it is necessary to use
emulsifying agent.
Examples:
Potassium Laurate
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
Mechanism Of Action
2. Multi-molecular Film:
Examples:
o Acacia
o Gelatin
Mechanism Of Action
3. Solid Particle Film:
o Film formed by solid particles that are small in size compared
to the droplet of the dispersed phase.
o Can form o/w and w/o emulsions.
o Particles must be wetted by both phases in order to remain
at the interface and form stable film.
Examples:
o Bentonite
o Graphite
o Magnesium Hydroxide
Types of emulsifiers - Anionics
The emulsifier carries a negative charge e.g. Sodium Stearate
soap
C H C -
17 35 OO Na +
Pros and Cons
•
Were very common
•
Old fashioned
•
Not as versatile
•
Cheap
•
Limitations for actives due to high pH
•
Give negative charge to the oil droplet
Types of emulsifiers -
Cationics
The emulsifier carries a positive charge
e.g. Palmitamidopropyl Trimonium Chloride
O CH3
_
CH3(CH2)14C NH(CH2)3 + Cl
N CH 3
CH3
Types of emulsifiers – Non-ionics
Emulsifier carries no overall charge and can be
made to form both Water-in-oil or Oil-in-
water emulsifiers e.g. Steareth-2
+ + + + +
+
+
+ -- - -- + + - - -- +
+ -- - -- - - --
- - + +- -
+ - + + - +
- -- + +
- - -
+
- -- +
- + + - --
+ +
+ -- +
- +
+ -+ - +- + - -
+ + - - - -+ -- - --
- - -
+ + - + + - -
+
+ ---
Negatively charged oil droplets repel each other