How To Make A Crane Origami

How to Make a
Crane Origami
Guide Questions
1. What are the things that you need to
make an origami crane?
2. Can you make the origami crane without
the instruction? Explain.
3. Can you make other kinds of origami with
the use of the paper? What do you need
to do that?
4. How important are pictures and
instructions in doing the activity?
CENTRAL DOGMA
IN BIOLOGY
PREPARED BY: LOURENCE E. RETONE, LPT, MST*
CENTRAL DOGMA
The basic framework for how
genetic information in the DNA
is used to produce proteins
that makes up the entire
characteristic of an organism.
What makes “You” you?
The DNA
What Is DNA?
DNA stores the information that the
cell needs to produce proteins.
Gene- portion of the DNA wherein it

codes for a characteristic coined by
W. Johannsen (1909).
Allele- gene variation of a

characteristic.
Introns- non-coding parts of DNA

Exon- coding parts of DNA
Section 7.1 DNA: ©Science Source/Science Source

Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 7.1
What Is DNA?
DNA
• double helix (Twisted
ladder-like structure),
• runs anti-parallel
(5’-3’ end “Leading”, 3’-5’
lagging.)
Many scientists collaborated
in the discovery of its
structure. (James Watson &
Francis Crick).
• Rosalind Franklin- first
person to identify DNA
using x-ray diffraction but
was not given the Noble
Prize due to sexism.
Section 7.1 DNA and woman: ©Science Source/Science Source; top right: ©Bettmann/Corbis; bottom: ©Photodisc/Photolibrary RF
Figure 7.1
What Is DNA?
DNA is composed of nucleotides.

Chargaff’s Rule - Adenine (A) binds
to Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G) binds to Cytosine (C)
Section 7.1 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 7.2
What Is DNA?
Hydrogen bonds connect

complementary DNA strands.
Hydrogen bonds
Figure 7.2
Protein Production Starts with DNA
PURINES:
Double ring
PYRIMIDINES:
Single ring
Figure 7.4
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Three types of RNA interact to

produce proteins:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4
DNA
REPLICATION
Activity: DNA Base Pairing
Instructions: use the Chargaff’s Rule to produce base pairs in
the given parent strands.
1. ATCGGCTTAT - ____________
2. TCATGTATCT - ____________
3. AGCCGTATA - _____________
4. TCGATGCTA - _____________
5. GGCATCCAA - _____________
CHARGAFF’S RULE:
A-T
C-G
Replicated Chromosomes Condense
as a Eukaryotic Cell Prepares to
Divide
The DNA in the cell on the

left is loose in the nucleus.
The DNA in the cell on the
right has condensed into
visible chromosomes.
Section 8.4 LM: ©Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./Corbis

Figure 8.8
Divide
DNA replication and

protein synthesis occur
when DNA is loosely
packed.

Figure 8.8
Divide
Cell division occurs when

DNA has condensed into
chromosomes.

Figure 8.8
Chromatid Chromosome
From Chromatin to Chromosome
Chromatid
Origin of replication
a. Centromere
Chromosome
b. Telomere
Telomere cap
Duplicated
Chromosome
DNA Replication Precedes Cell Division
DNA replication
occurs in three
major steps with
three major
enzymes.
Figure 8.4
Enzymes called
helicases unwind
the DNA.
Figure 8.4
Enzymes called DNA
polymerases create
strands that are
complementary to the
original strands.
Figure 8.4
Enzymes called
ligases form
covalent bonds
between adjacent
nucleotides.
Figure 8.4
After replication,
each DNA molecule
has one parental
strand and one
daughter strand.
Figure 8.4
DNA Templating
Proteins and Enzymes in DNA
Replication
 DNA Helicase- unwinds the double stranded DNA
 Single-strand DNA binding protein (SSBP)- binds in exposed SS
strands to expose the bases for templating
 DNA Topoisomerase/Gyrase- prevents the overwounding of the
double strand of the DNA. Releases tension by breaking the
phosphodiester bonds in DNA backbone.
 Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)- Origin of replication
 DNA polymerase I- discontinuous synthesis of lagging strand forming
Okazaki fragments (replaces primers from 5’ to 3’)
 DNA polymerase III- continuous synthesis of leading strand. (replaces
primers from 5’ to 3’)
 DNA Primase- initiates building of complementary short RNA primers
 RNA Primase- fills up the fragments in the lagging strands.
 DNA Ligase- connects nucleotides together in the lagging strand.
Replication Fork
Activity: DNA Replication
Make a step by step sequence of the process of DNA
Replication. Also:
a. Label all proteins and enzymes that are required in the
process. (10 points)
b. Identify the leading and lagging strand. (10 points)
c. In every step, describe what happens in the process
(10 points)
Review: DNA Replication
B. binds in
A. unwinds exposed SS
1. HELICASE the double strands to
stranded expose the
bases for
DNA templating
2. DNA POLYMERASE III
C. discontinuous
3. DNA POLYMERASE I synthesis of D. continuous
lagging strand synthesis of
forming Okazaki leading
fragments
4. SINGLE STRAND
strand.
BINDING PROTEIN
E. connects
nucleotides
5. DNA LIGASE
together in the
lagging
strand.
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription Uses DNA to Build RNA
Let’s first look at how a

cell produces an RNA copy
of a gene.
Transcription occurs in the

nucleus.
Figure 7.3
How does DNA pair with

RNA?
Figure 7.4
Transcription has
three steps:
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
Figure 7.5
Initiation
RNA polymerase will look for promoter region, the
Thymine-Adenine Sequence (TATA BOX) binds to the
promoter, which is the beginning of the gene.
TATA
Figure 7.5
Initiation
RNA Polymerase unzip the DNA.
Figure 7.5
Initiation
The DNA template strand

encodes the RNA
polymerase.
Figure 7.5
Elongation
RNA polymerase uses the

3’ to 5’ strand as template
strand, making an RNA
copy that grows 5’ to the
3’ direction.
Figure 7.5
Elongation
Notice that the RNA

molecule is
complementary to the
DNA template strand.
Figure 7.5
Termination
RNA polymerase reaches

the termination point or
the (AAA Sequence),
which is the end of the
gene.
Figure 7.5
Termination
RNA, DNA, and RNA

polymerase separate.
DNA becomes a double

helix again.
Figure 7.5
Termination
The cell produced an RNA

copy of a gene.
Figure 7.5
RNA Splicing:
snRNPs
(snurps)-
Small nuclear
ribonuclear
protein
Enzyme Splices
introns
Spliceosomes:
vesicle where
snRNPs are found.
Introns: Non-
coding gene
Exon: Coding
gene
mRNA processing in the Nucleus
Poly A tail and
mRNA cap are
added to the RNA.
• GTP (Guanosine
Triphosphate)
produces mRNA
cap in the 5’
end.
• Poly A tail- 150
to 200 adenine
in the 3’ end.
Figure 7.6
RNA Is Processed in the Nucleus
Introns
During intron
removal, introns
are removed from
the RNA molecule.
Exons
Figure 7.6
RNA Is Processed in the Nucleus
The RNA then leaves the
nucleus. Onward to
translation.
Figure 7.6
Activity: DNA Transcription
Instruction: Transcribe the DNA template in
to an mRNA strand
1. ACTGCTAGC
2. TTCGATGCTA
3. TTAGCTAGCC
4. AATCGCTATTG
5. CGATCGATTT
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Protein Synthesis
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
mRNA
Codons-
Triplet code
of the
mRNA
mRNA
Start
Codon-
AUG =
Methionine
mRNA
Stop
Codon-
UAG, UAA,
UGA=
tRNA
Anticodons-
Complimentary
code of the
codon that is
found in the
tRNA which
codes for an
amino acid.
tRNA
CODON ANTICODON
ADENINE (A) URACIL (U)
GUANINE (G) CYTOSINE (C)
CYTOSINE (C) GUANINE (G)
THYMINE (T) ADENINE (A)

mRNA Translation
Exit site
mRNA Translation
Amino acid Table
Let’s Try!
Instructions:
Fill in the missing parts of the table below.
Codon Anticodon Amino acids
AUG-GGG-UGA 1. 6.
AUG-UAC-UAG 2. 7.
AUG-AAA-UAG 3. 8.
AUG-UUA-UAA 4. 9.
AUG-AGG-UGA 5. 10.
Let’s Recap!
 What is Central Dogma?
 DNA Replication?
 DNA Transcription
 RNA Translation

How To Make A Crane Origami

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How to Make a

Gene- portion of the DNA wherein it

Allele- gene variation of a

Introns- non-coding parts of DNA

Section 7.1 DNA: ©Science Source/Science Source

DNA is composed of nucleotides.

Hydrogen bonds connect

Three types of RNA interact to

The DNA in the cell on the

Section 8.4 LM: ©Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./Corbis

DNA replication and

Section 8.4 LM: ©Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./Corbis

Cell division occurs when

Section 8.4 LM: ©Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./Corbis

Let’s first look at how a

Transcription occurs in the

How does DNA pair with

The DNA template strand

RNA polymerase uses the

Notice that the RNA

RNA polymerase reaches

RNA, DNA, and RNA

DNA becomes a double

The cell produced an RNA

ADENINE (A) URACIL (U)

GUANINE (G) CYTOSINE (C)

CYTOSINE (C) GUANINE (G)

THYMINE (T) ADENINE (A)

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