Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
By
Dr.K.MALLIKARJUNA RAO
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Need & Scope
3. Stages/Steps involved in Planning
4. Depth of Exploration & Lateral extent of Exploration
5. Methods of Exploration
6. Soil Sampling
7. Field Tests
8. Non-Invasive/ Geophysical Methods
9. Sub soil Investigation Report
1.0 INTRODUCTION
• Soil Exploration is a part of Soil Investigation
• Ground investigation refers to the methodology of
determining surface and sub-surface features in
proposed construction area
• Geotechnical engineers also need to evaluate the
sub-surface conditions by taking samples by
boring or by digging exploratory pits. These
activities are called subsurface exploration.
• The extent of exploration depends on the
importance of the structure, the complexity of the
soil conditions
2.0 NEED / PURPOSE & SCOPE
Determine the geological conditions of Rock and Soil
formation & Stratification soil/rock
Obtaining Disturbed and Un Disturbed soil samples for
visual Identification & Appropriate laboratory Test
Determining the nature & depth of bed rock, if and
when encountered
Performing In-situ field Tests to Assess Soil properties
Observing drainage conditions from and into the site
Assessing any special construction problems w.r.t
existing structure near by
Determining the position of water Table
3.0 PLANNING OF SOIL EXPLORATION
Planning subgrade investigation and laboratory
programs requires the engineer to be aware of
parameters and properties needed for design and
construction
Steps of Planning :
• Identify Data needs
• Gather & Analyse existing information
• Conduct site visit(Reconnaissance)
• Develop preliminary site model
• Develop a detailed site Investigation program
Contd….
3.1 Identify Data Needs :
• Type of Structure
• Future use of structure
• Requirement of local Building codes
• Anticipated loads, spans
• Need for providing dry excavations
• Performance criteria(Like bearing capacity,
settlement)
• Engineering properties & parameters required
• No.of Tests/Samples needed and their location
Contd….
3.2 Gather & Analyse existing Information:
• Aerial Photographs
• Topographical Maps
• Utility Maps
• Historical
• Existing Sub surface Investigation Reports
• Geological Reports and Maps
Contd….
3.3 Site Visit / Reconnaissance:
• Geological constraints
• Topographical Conditions
• Surface conditions
• Flood levels/Drainage Issues
• Adjacent property use
• Potential borrow source areas
• GWT & subsoil profile from open cuts/excavations
• Utility locations
• Access Issues
Contd….
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4.1 Depth of Exploration
1. Isolated Spread Footings with clear spacing of Adjacent footings > 4B = 1.5B.
2. Adjacent Footings of Size LxB with clear spacing less than 2B = 1.5L
3. Adjacent Rows of Footings with clear spacing A <2B = 4.5B
4. Adjacent Rows of Footings with clear spacing 2B < A < 4B = 3.0B
5. Adjacent Rows of Footings with clear spacing A >4B = 1.5B
6. End Bearing Pile Group of width B = 1.5B from the bottom of pile tip
7. Friction Pile Group of width B = 1.5B from lower third point
8. Excavations of Depth D = 1.5D
9. Gravity Dam of Height H = 2.0H
10. Road Cut of Bottom Width B = 1.0B
11. Fills of height H = 2.0m or 1.0H whichever is higher
12. Sometimes subsoil conditions are such that the foundation load may have to be
transmitted to the bedrock. The minimum depth of core boring into the bedrock
is about 3m. If the bedrock is irregular or weathered, the core borings may have to
be extended to greater depths.
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4.1Depth of Exploration
D1 = Depth at which = 0.1q (q = Foundation Contact Pressure)
D2 = Depth at which = 0.05‘
Depth of Exploratin = Smaller of D1 and D2
Depth of Boring
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4.1 Depth of Exploration
15
4.2 Spacing Boring
16
Spacing Boring
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5.0 METHODS OF EXPLORATION
Sub surface explorations are Three types,
• Direct Methods of Sub-Surface Exploration (Detailed Exploration)
• Semi-Direct Methods of Sub-Surface Exploration (Detailed cum Preliminary
Exploration)
• Indirect Methods of Sub-Surface Exploration (Preliminary Exploration)
Preliminary Exploration :
When reconnaissance is not possible it is essential to carry out preliminary
investigation to decide the method of approach of investigation. During
preliminary investigation, geophysical methods and tests with cone
penetrometers and sounding rods are useful guides.
Detailed Exploration :
The object of detailed exploration is to determine shear strength and
compressibility of all types of soils, density, density index, natural moisture
content and permeability.
5.1 Direct Method of Exploration
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SOIL BORING
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5.1 Direct Methods of Sub-Surface Exploration
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5.2.2 Wash Boring :
• Wash boring is commonly used for exploration below the
ground water table for which auger boring is not suitable
• Wash boring is very convenient method provided the soil is
sand, silt or clay except those mixed with gravel and boulders .
• A casing pipe is driven in to the soil with a drop weight.
• A hollow drill bit is screwed to a hollow drill rod connected to a
rope passing over a pulley and supported by a tripod.
• Water jet under pressure is forced through the rod and bit in to
the hole. This loosens the soil at the lower end and forces the
soil water suspension upwards along the angular surface
between rod and side of the hole.
• When an undisturbed sample is required at a particular depth,
the boring is stopped, and the chopping bit is replaced by a
sampler. The sample is pushed into the soil at the bottom of the
hole and the sample is withdrawn.
Wash Boring
2. Wash Boring.
Diamond
Drill Bit
Area ratio
Allows for
•Elastic Expansion of soil as it enters Tube
•Reduces frictional drag between sample and
Tube wall
•Helps to retain the core
•For an undisturbed sample, the inside
clearance should be between 1.0 and 3.0
percent.
6.4.1( C ). Outside clearance :- is defined as
Outside clearance
• Reduces driving Force
• Facilitates the withdrwal of Sample from ground
• should be as small as possible (0 to 2 percent)
6.4.2. Inside Wall friction : The friction and the
inside wall cause disturbance of the sample.
It can be reduced by
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Rock coring
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ROCK SAMPLING - Definition
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Rock Core Drilling
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Rock Quality Designation
RQD
Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is defined as the percentage of rock
cores that have length equal or greater than 10 cm over the total drill
length.
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Example on Core Recovery & RQD
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6.5.4 Scraper Bucket Sampler
•A scraper bucket sampler consists of a
driving point which is attached to its
bottom end. There is a vertical slit in
the upper portion of the sampler. As
the sampler is rotated, the scrapings of
the soil enter the sampler through the
slit.
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7.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
•The standard penetration test is the most commonly used in-
situ test, especially for cohesionless soils which cannot be
easily sampled.
•As per IS 2131-1981 gives the standard procedure carrying out
the test is started below
•A bore hole is advanced to the required depth and the bottom
is cleaned
•The split spoon sampler is driven in to the soil for a distance
450mm by blows of a drop hammer of 65kgs falling vertically
and freely from a height of 750mm.
•The number of blows required to penetrate every 150mm is
recorded while driving the sample.
Contd..,
• The number of blows required for the last 300mm penetration
is added together and recorded as N value at particular depth
• The test is extremely useful for determining the relative
density and the angle of shearing resistance of cohesionless
soils.
• The split spoon sampler is withdrawn and is detached from the
drill rod, The split barrel is disconnected from the cutting shoe
• It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive
strength of cohesive soils.
• REFUSAL
• > 50 Blows for 150mm penetration
• > 100 Blows for 300mm penetration
• No advance for 10 Blows
•Dilatancy Correction: - Silty fine sands below the water table
develop pore pressure which is not easily dissipated. The pore
pressure increases the resistance of the soil and hence the
penetration number (N).
Terzaghi and Peck (1967) recommend the following correction
in the case of silty fine sands when the observed value of N
exceeds 15. The corrected penetration number,
Where NR is the recorded value, and NC is the corrected value.
If
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Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
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Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
73
7.3 Dynamic Cone Penetration Test
• The equipment consists of a cone, driving rods, driving
head, lifting equipment and hammer.
• The hammer used for driving the cone shell be of mild
steel or cast – iron with a base of mild steel and the
weight of the hammer shall be 65kg.
• The cone shall be driven in to the soil by allowing the
hammer to fall through 750mm each time.
• Number of blows for every 100mmpenetration of cone
shall be recorded. Blows required for 300mm
penetration is noted as the dynamic cone resistance.
• The process shall be repeated till the cone is driven to
the required depth.
7.4 Vane shear Test
• The vane shear test has been show to be prominent non-emperical
method of measuring the shear strength of soft clay insitu at all
depth from surface to atleast 30m.
• The vane shear test consists of four bladed vane.
• The height of vane shall be twice the overall diameter.
• The diameter of vane should be 37.5, 50, 65, 75, 100mm.
• The blades shall be as thin as possible consistent with strength
requirement.
• The four bladed vane attached to the end of rod and push in to the
clay.
• The measuring of maximum torque necessary to cause rotation.
• The torque applicator should be capable of controlling speed at the
rate of 0.1 degree per second.
IN– SITU VANE SHEAR TEST
7.5 The Plate Load Test (PLT)
77
The Plate Load Test (PLT)
78
The Plate Load Test (PLT)
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Geotechnical Design Reports
• At the end of all subsoil exploration programs, the soil and/or
rock specimens collected from the field are subjected to visual
observation and appropriate laboratory testing. After the
compilation of all of the required information, a soil
exploration report is prepared for the use of the design office
and for reference during future construction work. Although
the details and sequence of information in the report may
vary to some degree is depending on the structure under
consideration and the person compiling the report.
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Subsoil Exploration Report
1. A description of the scope of the investigation
2. A description of the proposed structure for which the subsoil exploration has been
conducted
3. A description of the location of the site, including any structures nearby, drainage
conditions, the nature of vegetation on the site and surrounding it, and any other
features unique to the site
4. A description of the geological setting of the site
5. Details of the field exploration—that is, number of borings, depths of borings, types
of borings involved, and so on
6. A general description of the subsoil conditions, as determined from soil specimens
and from related laboratory tests, standard penetration resistance and cone
penetration resistance, and soon
7. A description of the water-table conditions
8. Re commendations regarding the foundation, including the type of foundation
recommended, the allowable hearing pressure, and any special construction
procedure that may he needed; alternative foundation design procedures should
also be discussed in this portion of the report
9. Conclusions and limitations of the investigations
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Subsoil Exploration Report
The following graphical presentations should he
attached to the report:
1. A site location map
2. A plan view of the location of the borings with
respect to the proposed structures and those nearby
3. Boring logs
4. Laboratory test results
5. Other special graphical presentations
82
Example Table
of Contents for
a Geotechnical
Investigation
(Data) Report
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SUB – SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT
A report is the final document of the whole exercise of soil exploration.
A good report should normally comprise the following:
1. A general description of the nature of the project and its importance.
2. A general description of the topographical features and hydraulic conditions of
the site.
3. A brief description of the various field and laboratory tests carried out.
4. Analysis and discussion of the test results
5. Recommendations
6. Calculations for determining safe bearing pressures, pile loads, etc.
7. Tables containing bore logs, and other field and laboratory test results
8. Drawings which include an index plan, a site-plan, test results plotted in the
form of charts
and graphs, soil profiles, etc.