History of Wireless Communication

oWireless communication is one of the fastest growing fields in the modern-

day technology world.

oDesire to communicate and compute seamlessly while on the move, and

demand for ubiquitous access to information. Flexible use of portable
devices (laptop, palmtop, PDA) –made it possible

Wireless communication systems and networks evolved through

generations.wireless access technologies (2G / 3G cellular, ad hoc networks,
wireless LAN)- main enablers

Use of vacuum tube and transistors made the evolution of early telephone
networks possible.

While low-cost microprocessor and digital switching made wireless

communication flourished to the present state.
 History of Mobile communication

More Than 100 Years Old !!!

It started from Maxwell, Hertz, Marconi and J.C Bose

Long distance wireless transmission has a century-old history-

Marconi sent telegraphic signals over a distance of approximately 1800 miles
from Cornwall across the Atlantic Ocean, to St. John's Newfoundland in 1901,
though the research on wireless communication and millimeter wave
technology were already established in laboratory environment by our Indian
scientist Sir J.C. Bose.

Over the past century,

wireless transmission has progressed through the development and
deployment of radio, radar, television, satellite and mobile telephone systems
 History..
Personnel of the Detroit Police Department's radio bureau, began
experimentation with a band near 2 MHz for vehicular mobile service.
On April 7, 1928 the Department commenced regular one-way radio
communication with its patron cars.
The system established the practicality of land-mobile radio for police
work and led to its adoption throughout the country.
Channels in this low-frequency band soon became crowded.

In 1933, The police department in Bayonne, New Jersey initiated regular

two-way communications with its patrol cars, a major advance over
previous one-way systems.
The very high frequency system placed transmitters in patrol cars to
enable patrolmen to communicate with headquarters and other cars
instead of just receiving calls.
 Communication…
Two-way police radio became standard throughout the country following the success
of the Bayonne initiative.
Practical systems implemented around 1940s at 30 and 40 MHz
BW leads to substantial buildup of police radio systems.

Amplitude Modulation of a radio frequency carrier was the transmission

technique
until Edwin Armstrong demonstrated the feasibility of frequency modulation in
1935 and Frequency Modulation has been the main modulation technique for
mobile communication systems worldwide since 1930s

A major advance in police radio occurred when the Connecticut State Police began
operating a two-way, frequency modulated (FM) system in Hartford.

1940 …. FCC allocates some 40 MHz of spectrum in range between 30 and 500
MHz for a host of mobile services for private individuals, companies, and public
agencies..
 History…
FM mobile radio became standard throughout the country
following the success of the Connecticut initiative.
Late 1940s : Bell System embarked on a program of supplying "public
correspondence systems" (communication among a variety of users provided by a
common carrier).

FCC classified these services as Domestic Public Land Mobile Radio Service
(DPLMRS). FCC- Federal Communication Commission.

In 1945: AT & T and Bell introduced the first commercial mobile telephone system
launched at Missouri in US.

1945: First Bell, "urban" DPLMRS inaugurated in St. Louis -- three channels near 150
MHz, manually patched).
150 MHz and Three channels with 60 kHz channel spacing ,
 History…
1946 : A public mobile system using frequencies in 35 to 44 MHz band began
operating in highway between New York and Boston.

1956 First manually patched 450 MHz service. All of these aforementioned services
employed push-to-talk (PTT ) operation -- i.e. radio is half duplex which is unfamiliar
and awkward for ordinary phone users -- and required operator intervention to place
a call.

1964: First automatic 150 MHz service (called MJ). Free channel is automatically
assigned. System was full duplex and customers could do their own dialing.

In 1969 : The automatic channel selection and direct dialing system at 450 MHz
band was introduces by Bell laboratory in US, known as the IMTS (Improved Mobile
Telephone Systems.
It was a full duplex mode of communication.
 History…
In spite of the fact that mobile service was, indeed, a scarce luxury, the demand for
service was rising rapidly after
the deployment of mobile
communication in late 1970s.
In the late 1970s
The growth of cellular radio and personal communication systems began to
accelerate
This growth was spurred on with the successive introduction of 1G, 2G and
3G cellular systems

In 1970-77 : FCC debates frequency allocation to common carriers. In 1974 it

approved the underlying concepts of wireless cellular phone service and allocated
for this purpose 666 duplex (two-way) channels in the 800 - 900 MHz frequency
range.
Authorization granted to Illinois Bell in 1978.
In 1978 : Field trials: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) trials begin (850 MHz)
in Chicago and ARTS (American Radio Telephone Service) in Washington DC.
1979: World Administrative Radio Conference sets up research group to define a
common international standard. Leads to Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) in 1982.

1981: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System) enters public service in

Sweden. Developed by Ericsson using frequencies in the 450 to 470 band.

1984: Initial deployment of AMPS cellular system.

Responding to a spectacular and unexpected rising demand for wireless services,

Congress, in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, mandated that the
FCC reallocate portions of the electro-magnetic spectrum for "personal
communication" and authorized the FCC to employ competitive bidding procedures
in awarding licenses for the use of these new spectral resources.

The mandate had several objectives, not the least of which was raising revenue to
help balance the federal budget.
Furthermore, competitive bidding was deemed to be the most effective means to
expedite the licensing process and to open up opportunities for beneficial
competition.