Components of HVAC Systems

The components in a typical roof-mounted package HVAC system (Figure 1-1)

are:

1. An indoor fan (blower) to circulate the supply and return air.

2. Supply air ductwork in which the air flows from the fan to the room.

3. Air devices such as supply air outlets and return air inlets.

4. Return air ductwork in which the air flows back from the room to the mixed
air chamber.
5. A mixed air chamber to receive the return air and mix it with outside air.
6. An outside air device opening or duct to allow for the entrance of outside air
into the mixed air chamber.

7. A filter section to remove dirt and dust particles from the air.

8. Heat exchangers such as a refrigerant evaporator and condenser coil for

cooling, and a furnace for heating.

9. A compressor to compress the refrigerant vapor and pump the refrigerant

around the refrigeration system.
10. An outdoor fan (blower) to circulate outside air across the condenser coil.

11. Controls to start, stop or regulate the flow of air, refrigerant, and electricity.
Figure 1-1. Roof-mounted Package Air Conditioning Unit
 H is for Heating

Boilers (Figure 1-2)

• Types of Boilers
— Steam
— Water
• Boiler Pressures
— Low
— High

Figure 1-2. Fire Tube Boiler

• Boiler Fuels
— Natural Gas
— Oil
— Coal
— Electricity

• Boiler Configurations
— Fire Tube
— Water Tube Figure 1-3. Natural Gas Furnace
• Furnace Fuels
— Natural Gas
— Oil
— Coal
— LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
— Electricity
Heating Coils (Figure 1-4)
• Types of Heating Coils
 Steam
 Water
 Electrical
Figure 1-4. Hot Water Heating Coil
 V is for Ventilation

1) Approximately 20 cfm (cubic feet per minute) of air volume per

person of outside air (OA) for ventilation for non-smoking areas.
2) Make-up air (MUA) for exhaust systems such as:
— Kitchen hoods
— Fume hoods
— Toilets
 AC is for Air Conditioning

For most of us, air conditioning means comfort cooling with either chilled
water systems or refrigerant systems. Both of these systems include cooling
coils to remove heat from the air.

• Chilled Water Systems

• Refrigeration (DX) Systems
• Cooling Coils
Cooling and heating coils (Figure 1-4) are heat transfer devices or heat
exchangers. They come in a variety of types and sizes and are designed for various
fluid combinations: water, refrigerant or steam.

Water coils are used for heating, cooling or dehumidifying air and are most often
made of copper headers and tubes with aluminum or copper galvanized steel
frames.
AC (Air Conditioning) also means conditioning the air in the following ways:
• Temperature control (tempering the air)
 Cooling (removing heat)
 Heating (adding heat)
• Humidity control
 Dehumidifying(removing moisture)
 Humidifying (adding moisture)
• Volume of airflow
— cfm (cubic feet per minute)
• Velocity (speed) of airflow
— fpm (feet per minute)
• Cleaning
— Filtering
• Pattern of airflow
— Direction:
 horizontal
 vertical
Fig: CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Components
Cooling Tower, CT
Condenser Water Pump, CWP
Condenser Water Supply, CWS
Condenser Water Return, CWR
Condenser, Cond
Evaporator (Water Chiller, Water Cooler), Evap
Compressor, Comp
The condenser, evaporator and compressor together are typically called the Chiller, CH
Chilled Water Pump, CHWP
Chilled Water Supply, CHWS
Chilled Water Return, CHWR
Chilled Water Coil (Cooling Coil), CC
Heating Water Coil (Hot Water Coil, Heating Coil), HC
Heating Water Supply, HWS or HHWS
Heating Water Return, HWR or HHWR
Heating Water Pump, HWP
Boiler, B
Supply Air Fan, SAF, SF
Supply Air Duct, SA
Manual Volume Damper, MVD
Flex Duct, Flex
Ceiling Diffuser, CD
Return Air Inlet, RA
Return Air Duct, RA
Return Air Fan, RAF
Return Air Dampers, RA, ATC Damper (Automatic Temperature
Control Damper)
Exhaust Air (Dampers), EA, ATCD
Outside Air (Dampers) OA, ATCD
Filters, F
Water Valves, 3-way or 2-way ATC Valve(Automatic
Temperature Control Valve). MBV (Manual Balancing Valve) or
Self-regulating Balancing Valve
This AHU is located on the roof and is therefore designated as a
“roof top unit” (RTU).
 Clean room Testing and Monitoring

Principles of Clean room Testing

To show that a clean room is working satisfactorily it is necessary to demonstrate that
the following principles have been satisfied:

 The air supplied to the clean room is of sufficient quantity to dilute or remove the
contamination generated in the room.

 The air within the clean room suite moves from clean to less-clean areas to
minimize the movement of contaminated air. Air should move in the correct
direction.
 The air supplied to the clean room is of a quality that will not add significantly to
the contamination within the room.
 The air movement within the clean room should ensure that there are no areas
within the room with high concentrations of contamination.

 If these principles are satisfied then the concentration of particles, and where
necessary microbe-carrying particles, should be measured to ascertain that the
specified clean room standard has been achieved.
Clean room Tests
1. Air supply and extract quantities
2. Air movement control between areas
3. Filter installation leak test
4. Air movement control within the room
5. Airborne particles and microbial concentrations

Additional tests
As well as these contamination control tests, it may be necessary to satisfy one or more of the following
requirements:
 Temperature
 Relative humidity
 Heating and cooling capabilities of the room
 Sound levels
 Lighting levels
 Vibration levels.