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1)FLAT BELTS
Consists of an endless belt tightly fitted over two pulleys (driving and driven), transmitting
motion from driving to the driven by frictional forces between the belt and the pulleys.
T1 T 2
T1 & T2 : Forces applied to the cord end
μ=Coefficient of friction between the cord and the
cylinder surface
N= Force perpendicular to the belt
T2
T1
Angle of wrap=β
F.B.D of an element of belt
d
Cos 1
2
d d
Sin
2 2
dT dF
dN Td
dT
d
T
At θ=0 T=T2 T1
dT
At θ=β T=T1
T 2 T 0 d
ln T 1 ln T 2
T1
ln
T2
T1
T2
e T1 e T 2
Euler equation can be used for impending slip condition of:
1) Ropes, belts passing over a fixed cylindrical drum
2) Ropes, belt wrapped around a post of capston or pulleys
3) Belt drives, both pulley and belt rotates
Ex 1:
A Pulley requires 200Nm torque to get it rotating in the direction shown. The angle
of wrap is π radians and friction coefficient is 0.25. Caculate the tensions required to
rotate the pulley.
(b)
T1 136
T 2 0.1 99 Kgf
e 1.37
T2
T1=136Kgf
Ex 3:
3500
e
100
0.2 ln 35
17.8rad 1020 deg
1020
2.8
360
P T 2 T1 T
P will be min. if there is impending slip in the direction of T
P T 2 T1 T
T 100 N
H 0.25
T
V 0.2
0.25
e 2
T1
When P=Pmin
T1 0.2
e
T2
T2 0.25
e 2
P
T [ 0.25 0.2 0.25 ]
e 2 2
4.11
P
100
P min 24.33 N
4.11
When P=Pmax
0.25
P max T 2e 2
T 2 T 1e 0.2
T T 1e0.25
2
[ 0.25 0.2 0.25 ]
P max Te 2 2
4.111T 411.1N
Torque T 1 T 2
d2 Torque T 1 T 2 d1
2 2
AT the impending condition i.e when the belt is in just in motion with respect to the pulley
Euler equation can be applied.
T1
e
T2
Power Transmitted by a belt drive
POWER T 1 T 2 v Tev
Therefore Euler Eqn governs the maximum power which the belt can transmit before it
slips.
For a belt drive with pulleys of different diameters , whether it’s driving or driven pulley
for which the μβ least should be used in Euler Equation.
ELASTIC CREEP
Differential tension on two sides of the pulley causes the belt to elongate & contract and
to create a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surface. This phenomena is
called “ elastic creep”.
When the belt enters the driving pulley it is elongated and when it leaves the pulley it
contracts. Therefore driving pulley receives a larger length of the belt than it delivers.
Therefore average belt velocity of the driving pulley is slightly lower than the pulley
surface.
Driven pulley receives a shorter belt length than it delivers.
Therefore average belt velocity of the driven pulley is slightly higher than the pulley
surface.
Tight side elongation T1 T 0
Slack side contraction T 0 T1
n1 D 2
i12
n 2 D1
TENSION DUE TO CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN A BELT
A belt possesses a mass and therefore as it moves over the curvilinear surface of the
pulley centrifugal forces are generated which cause additional tensions in the belt
element.
m= Mass of belt per unit length
V= Peripheral velocity of belt
r= Radius of the belt
Tc= Centrifugal tension acting tangentially @ P & Q
d d
Tc sin TcSin Fc mdv 2
2 2
Tc mv 2
Taking centrifugal action into account ,
Total Tension in the tight side Tt1=T1+Tc
Total Tension in the slack side Tt2=T2+Tc
Power Transmitted =(T1-T2)v
Euler equation
Tt 1 Tc
e
Tt 2 Tc
Maximum Tension in the Belt (T)
σ = Maximum safe stress in the belt
b = Width of the belt
t = Thickness of the belt
T bt
When centrifugal force is neglected
T T1
When centrifugal force is considered
T Tt 1 T 1 Tc
TYPES OF BELT DRIVES
Two Pulleys rotate in the same direction Two pulleys rotate in the opposite
Length of the belt is smaller directions
Angle of wrap is different for driver and Length of the belt is larger
driven pulley. Angle of wrap is same for driver and
driven pulley.
Nomenclature and formulas for open belt drive
NOMENCLATURE AND FORMULAS FOR CROSS BELT DRIVE
EX: An engine running @150 rpm drives a line shaft by means of a belt. The engine pulley
diameter 750mm and the pulley on the line shaft is 450mm. A 900mm pulley on the line
shaft drives a 150mm diam. Pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. Find the speed of the dynamo
shaft.
Let rpm of the line shaft nLand dynamo shaft nD
150 450
i12
nL 750
nL 250
250 150
i 23
nD 900
nD 1500rpm
EX: Two pulleys one 450mm and the other 200mm on parallel shafts 1.95m apart are
connected by a cross belt.
(a) Find the length of the belt required and the angle of contact between the each pulley.
(b) What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates @ 200rpm and
maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1 kN. COF between the belt and pulley is 0.25.
Lc (0.45 0.2) 2 1.95
1
0.45 0.22
2 4 1.95
Lc 4.97 m
dL dS 0.45 0.2
sin
2C 2 1.95
9.60
180 2 9.6 199.2 deg(3.48rad )
2 9 250 4500 N
Tension in the tight side
20m/s
v
ρ=1500Kg/m3
[σ]=4MPa
dn
v
60
60v 60 20
d Smaller Pulley Diam 0.218m 218mm
n n1 d 2
1750
i12
n2 d 1
1750 d 2
600 218
d 2 636mm
Center distance between the pulleys=2x636=1272mm
Length of the belt
1
L (636 218) 2 1272 [636 218]2
2 4 1272
3919.8mm
Peripheral velocity of the belt
v 20m / s
P 15 103
T1 T 2 750
v 20
Finding the angle of wrap:
dL dS
Sin [
1
]
2C
9.46 deg
Angle of wrap of the pulleys
180 2 198.92 deg 3.47rad
L
T1
e1.39 4
T2
T 1 4T 2
T 2 250 N
T 1 1000 N
Cross sectional area of the belt= A m2
Tc mv 2
Tc 1500 A 20 2 0.6 A 106 N
T 1 1000
4
A 2.94 10 m 294mm 2 2
T1
POWER PO T 1 T 2 v Tev
e
T2
T1 1
Po T 1 v T 11 v T 1vC
e e
Max tension of the belt=T
Centrifugal tension of the belt=Tc
T 1 T Tc
T 1 T mv 2
Po (T mv 2 )vC (Tv mv 3 )C
For maximum power
dPo
T 3mv 2 0
dv
T 3Tc
When power transmission is maximum one third of the maximum tension is absorbed as
centrifugal tension.
T
v
3m
PULLEYS FOR FLAT BELTS
Pulleys are generally made of C.I because of their low cost.
CROWNING
slight convexity in the rim.
The crowning tends to keep the belt in centre on a pulley while in motion.
The wedging action of the V belt in the groove of the pulley results in higher forces of friction.
Usually the groove angle α=32 deg-38deg
α
Comparison of V belt drives & Flat belt drives
Advantages of V belt drives:
Compact due to the small distance between the centers of pulleys
Due to the wedging action of the belt for the same coefficient of friction and angle of
wrap more power can be transmitted.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be used with larger center distances because of the larger weight per unit
length.
The construction of the pulley is complicated.
Ex.1
n1 d 2
n2 d 1
d 2n2
d1
n1
1 250
0.33m Diam of the motor pulley
750
Angle of wrap
1 0.33
sin 1[ ] 11.04 deg
2 1.75
Angle of wrap on the smaller pulley
670.77
T2 0.8312.76
67.68 N
e
Power transmitted by the belt
90
5.6 6
16.08
Length of belt
1
(1 0.33) 2 1.75 [1 0.33]2 5.65m
2 4 1.75
EX 2: Design a V belt drive to transmit 60KW from an electric motor (RPM 750) to a
compressor which is rotating @ 300 rpm.
Approximate larger pulley diameter 1500mm. The approximate center distance 1650mm.
Overload factor 1.5mm.
A belt with cross sectional area of 350mm2 and density 1000Kg/m3 is available for use.
Allowable strength of the belt material 2MPa Coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley 0.28. Groove angle of the pulley=35deg
d1 300
d 2 750
300 1500
d1 600mm
750
Angle of Wrap?
1500 600
sin 1[ ] 15.83 deg
2 1650
Angle of wrap=180-2β=148.34deg=2.58rad
35 deg
0.28
eff 0.93
sin( / 2) sin 17.5
T1
e 0.932.58 11.02
T2
d n 0.6 750
v 23.56m / s
1 1
60 60
Mass of the belt per unit length
1
(1500 600) 2 1650 (1500 600) 2 6723mm
2 4 1650
Select nearest standard length of 6886mm length of section D
1
6886 (1500 600) 2C (1500 600) 2
2 4C
202500
3587.33 2C
C
2C 2 3587.33C 202500 0
C 1735mm