Igneous

Petrogenesis
Rio Cendrajaya
Dept.of Geology
Halu Oleo University
2017
 The Texts
• An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology 1st ed by J. D. Winter
• or Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology J.D. Winter 2nd ed.
 The Earth’s Interior
Crust:
Oceanic crust
Usually < 10 km

ophiolite suite: list

Continental Crust
Thicker: 20-90 km average ~35 km
Variable composition but average a granodiorite
The Silicate Tetrahedron O2 -
2_25

Si4+

O2 -

O2 -

The basis of most rock-forming

minerals, charge - 4
O2 -
The Mantle is mostly Silicates
 The Earth’s Interior
Mantle:
Peridotite (ultramafic)
Upper Mantle to 410 km
olivine, pyroxenes, spinel - structure minerals,
and garnet
 Low Velocity Layer 60-220 km Aesthenosphere

Transition Zone as velocity increases 410 -

660 km , olivine not stable, replaced by
high P polymorphs with ~ same
composition: wadsleyite (beta-spinel
structure), and ringwoodite (gamma-spinel
structure)
Lower Mantle 660 Upper minerals unstable,
 perovskite-type structure SiIV  SiVI
 The Earth’s Interior
Core:
Fe-Ni metallic alloy
Sulfur
Outer Core is liquid
 No S-waves
Inner Core is solid

Discussions: Differentiation
Iron Meteorites, Impactor
Density and Buoyancy
 LVZ

Note how S-wave

velocities drop to zero
in the Liquid outer
core

Source: Recommended Text Kearey and Vine (1990), Global Tectonics.

Molten- VERY Hot
No solids

1900 oC First mineral to crystallize out

Independent Tetrahedra
1553 oC
3-D
Single
chains

Double
chains “Basaltic”

sheets

“Andesitic”
3-D
3-D
Molten- Not so hot sheets

3-D “Granitic”
100% Solid
 Dark Green Gray
Gray Pink to Salmon

Fine crystals
Need a microscope

Low silica, HOT, fluid Intermediate High silica, warm, viscous

Course crystals
Easily seen
We need to be able to estimate pressures

Pressure Gradient

• P increases = rgDh
 1 GPa at base of crust
• Linear increase mantle
~ 30 MPa/km
• Core: r increases more
rapidly since Fe-Ni alloy
more dense
Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
 Phase diagram for aluminous
4-phase Lherzolite:
Al-phase =
 Ca++ Plagioclase
 shallow (< 50 km)
 Spinel Lherzolite
Spinel is MgAl2O4
 50-80 km
 Garnet Lherzolite
 80-400 km

Figure 10-2 Phase diagram of aluminous Lherzolite with melting interval (gray), sub-solidus
reactions, and geothermal gradient. After Wyllie, P. J. (1981). Geol. Rundsch. 70, 128-153.
 Heat Sources
in the Earth
• Impact heat from the early accretion
and differentiation of the Earth
– Convection cells redistribute heat to
cold surface
Heat Sources
in the Earth
1. Heat from the early accretion and
differentiation of the Earth
 still slowly reaching surface
2. Heat released by the radioactive
breakdown of unstable nuclides
 Heat Transfer
1. Radiation
Requires transparent medium
Rocks aren’t (except perhaps at great depth)

2. Conduction
Rocks are poor conductors
Very slow

3. Convection
Material movement (requires ductility)
Heat-induced expansion and buoyancy

Much more efficient than conduction

 Geothermal
Gradient
Cool
Silica-rich rocks (with
Quartz, K-feldspar)
melt at cooler
temperatures.
Melts are viscous

Silica-poor rocks (with

Olivine, Pyroxene,
Ca-feldspar) melt at
higher temperatures
Melts are very fluid Hot
Geothermal Gradient
 Ocean and Continental
Lithosphere Thermal Gradients
Melting depths vary w\ volcanic province
Most within upper few hundred kilometers
Heat highest at MOR,
suggests rising convection
cells there

Highest at MORs
Origin of Basaltic Magma - MOR
Harry Hess’ Seafloor
Spreading

• Role of Pressure in divergent margin

– Reducing the pressure lowers the melting
temperature – the mantle partially melts
– Mid-ocean ridge and rift valley: called
decompression melting
 Mantle loses heat at
http://volcanoes.usgs.g
surface, becomes
ov/about/edu/dynamicpl
denser. Pulls
anet/nutshell.php
lithosphere down into
“Subduction Zone”
Origin of Basaltic Magma 2
Subduction Zone

• Role of volatiles - WATER

INITIALLY BASALTIC
Origin of Basaltic Magma 3
Plumes, also basaltic
 Assimilation and magmatic
differentiation
Why are the continents so silica rich?
Weathering dissolves high-temp. minerals,
but also:

Fractionation: if early
crystals settle out,
remaining melt is
relatively richer in silica

Show Samples
Origin of Andesite & Diorite: intermediate silica content

Basaltic here

Good diagram for the

Andes Mountains
Small blobs, not much heat in them
Assimilate some crust, fractionate
 Origin of Granitic Rocks
Magma rises further
distance, more
fractionation. Passes
through thicker crust,
more assimilation.

Huge blobs w/ low

temps but lots of
magma, fractionation &
assimilation => Granite
Batholiths

Can also get small amounts of granites from deep felsic rock passed by ascending magma
Plate Tectonic - Igneous Genesis
1. Mid-ocean Ridges 5. Back-arc Basins
2. Intracontinental 6. Ocean Island Basalts
Rifts 7. Miscellaneous Intra-
3. Island Arcs Continental Activity
4. Active Continental  kimberlites, carbonatites,
anorthosites...
Margins