BIOMATERIALS

P R E S E N T E D B Y:
WA R D A P A R V E E N
ROLL NO: 1725407041
CLASS: M.SC
CONTENTS
 Abstract
 Defination
 History
 kinds
 characteristics of biomaterial
 Applications
 References
ABSTRACT
• Materials like Polymers Ceramics Metals and composites
are used to make biomaterials that are used for making
pharmacological object that is going to be introduced in a
living organism. And from many thousands years these
biomaterials are made and used in medical applications.
These biomaterials have to protect the body against natural
conditions lik temperature,Ph, corrosive fluids etc. And
thse materials are used mostly in Heart valve ,hip
replacement, Dental implants and Vascular Grafts etc.
DEFINITION
• Biomaterials is used to make devices to replace a part or
function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic and
physiologically acceptable manner.
• Materials of synthetic as well as of natural origon in
contact with tissue , blood and biological fluids and
intended for use for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic,
and storage application without adversely affecting the
living organism and its component.
 HISTORY
• More then 2000 years ago, Romans and Chinese use Gold in
dentistry
• 1937 poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) introduced in
dentistry
• 1958, Rob suggests Dacron fabric can be used to fabricate an
arterial prosthetic.
• 1966 Chrnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-molecular-weight
polyethylene, and stainless steal for total hip
replacement.
• Late 1960- early 1970’s biomaterial field solidified.
• 1975 society for biomaterial was formed.
KINDS
• Internal Layout: All the biomaterials placed in the intern
body.
• External Layout: All the biomaterials placed in exterior
of the body.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
BIOMATERIAL
Physical requirements
• Hard materials.
• Flexible material.
Chemical requirments
• Must not react with any tissue in the body.
• Must be non-toxic to the body.
• Long term replacement must not be
biodegradable
 MATERIALS FOR USE IN THE
BODY
• Mateial
polymers(Nylon,Silicon,rubber,
Polyester,polytetrafuroethylene)
Metals(Ti and its alloys,co-cr
Alloys Stainless steal Au,Ag,Pt etc.)
Ceramics(aluminium oxide,calcium
Advantages Disadvantages Example
Resilient not strong deforms Sutures,blood vesle
easy to fabricate with time hip socket,ear,nose,
other soft tissue
strong,tough,ductile may corrode joint replacement,
dense difficult to bone plates,screws,
make dental root implants
very biocompatible Brittle Femoral head of hip

Phosphates including hydroxyapatite inert strong not resilient replacement,, coating

Carbon etc. In compression of dental
Composites(c-c, wire or fiber strong tailor Difficult to hear valves , joint imp
Reinfirced bone cement made make lants
APPLICATIONS

• Heart valve
• Dental implants
• Intraocular Lenses
• Vascular Grafts
• Hip replacement
HEART VALVE
• Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers,
• fabrics, and natural valve
• Must not react with chemicals in the body
• Attached by Polyester Mesh
• Tissue Growth facilitated by polar oxygen
containing groups
HEART VALVE
• Almost as soon as valve is implanted cardiac
function is restored to near a normal.
• Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used mostly.
• More then 45,000 replacement valves
every year implanted in the united states.
DENTAL IMPLANTS
• Small titanium fixtures that serves as
the replacement for the root portion
of a missing natural tooth.
• Implant is placed in the bone of upper
or lower jaw and allowed to bond
with the bone.
• Most dental implants are pure
titanium screw shaped cylinders that
act as roots for crowns and bridges, or
as supports for natures.
DENTAL IMPLANTS
• Capable of bonding to
bone, a phenomenon
known as
“oseointegration”
• Bio-inert, there is no
reaction in tissue and there
is no rejection or allergic
reactions.
VASCULAR GRAFTS
• Must be flexible.
• Designed with open porous structure.
• Often recognized by body as forign.
• Achieve and maintain homeostasis.
• Good structure retention.
• Adequate burst strength.
• High fatigue resistence.
• Poly (ethylene tetraphthalate) _ PET or
Dacron.
• Good handling properties.
HIP REPLACEMENT
• Most common medical
practice using biomaterials.
• Corrosion resistant high-
strength metal alloys.
• Very high molecular weight
polymers.
• Thermoset plastics.
HOST REACTIONS TO
BIOMATERIAL
• Thrombosis
• Hemolysis
• Inflammation
• Infection and sterilization
• Carcinogenesis
• Hypersensitivity
• Systemic effects
FUTURE SCOPE
• Instead of manipulating surgical instruments, Surgons use their
thumbs and fingers to move joystick handles on a control console
to menuver two robot arms containing miniature instruments that
are inserted into the ports in the patient. The surgons movements
transform large motions on the remote controls into micro-
movements on the robot arms greatly improve mechanical
precision and safety.
• A third robot arms holds a miniature camera, which is inserted
through a small opening into the patient. The camera projects
highly magnified 3-D images on a console to give a broad view
of the interior surgical sites.
SURGICAL ROBOTS

• UCI Medical centr’s da

vinci surgical system is
currently approved for
Gall bladder, prostate,
colorectal, gynecological,
easophageal and gastric
bypass procedures.
CONCLUSION

• Some materials like polymers ceramics metals and

composites are used to make biomaterials and these
biomaterials are used for making pharmacological object
and these are used to introduced in the living organism and
these biomaterials are used in many biomedical application.
REFERENCES

• http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/biomaterial.
• Willioms,D.F and Roaf,R.(1937)implants in surgery.London:W.B.Saunders.