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Frederic H.

Martini
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 23, part 1


The Respiratory System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by


Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 23-1
The Respiratory System: An Introduction

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory


system
• Identify the organs of the respiratory system and
describe their functions
• Define and compare the processes of external and
internal respiration

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Learning Objectives

• Summarize the physical principles governing the


movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion
of gases into the blood
• Explain the important structural features of the
respiratory membrane
• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are
picked up, transported and released in the blood

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Functions of the respiratory system

• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood


• Moving air from the exchange surface of the
lungs
• Protection of respiratory surfaces
• Production of sound
• Provision for olfactory sensations

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Organization of the respiratory system

• Upper respiratory system


• Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
• Lower respiratory system
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Figure 23.1 The Components of the Respiratory
System

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The Respiratory tract

• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from


the alveoli
• Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify
incoming air
• Lower passageways include delicate
conduction passages and alveolar exchange
surfaces

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Respiratory Mucosa

• Respiratory epithelium and underlying


connective tissue
• Respiratory membrane, supported by lamina
propria, changes along tract
• Lines conducting portion of respiratory tract
• Protected from contamination by respiratory
defense system

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Figure 23.2 The Respiratory Epithelium of the
Nasal Cavity and Conducting System

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.2
SECTION 23-2
The Upper Respiratory System

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The nose and nasal cavity consists of:

• External nares
• Nasal cavity
• Vestibule
• Superior, middle and inferior meatuses
• Hard and soft palates
• Internal nares
• Nasal mucosa

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and
Pharynx

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Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and
Pharynx

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3c
The pharynx

• Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems


• Divided into three sections:
• Nasopharynx – superior portion
• Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone and
the esophagus

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


SECTION 23-3
The Larynx

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The larynx

• Air passes through the glottis on the way to the


lungs
• Larynx protects the glottis

• Cartilages of the larynx


• Three large cartilages
• Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
• Paired cartilages
• Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform

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Folds of the larynx

• Inelastic vestibular folds


• Delicate vocal folds

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Figure 23.4 The Anatomy of the Larynx

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.4
Sound production

• Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal


folds producing sound waves
• Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds
• Diameter
• Length
• Tension

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Figure 23.5 The Glottis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.5a, b
The laryngeal musculature

• Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and


stabilize the larynx
• When swallowing,these muscles
• Elevate the larynx
• Bend the epiglottis over the glottis
• Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal
folds and open the glottis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


SECTION 23-4
The Trachea and Primary Bronchi

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The trachea

• Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the


fifth thoracic vertebra
• A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to
the bronchi
• Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in
submucosa
• Mucosa is similar to the nasopharynx

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.6a, b
Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.6c
The primary bronchi

• Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right


and left bronchi
• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus
• Root = the connective tissue mass including:
• Bronchus
• Pulmonary vessels
• Nerves

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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