demokrasi

catatan kuliah isu global kontemporer

demokrasi
• ciri?
• kelebihan?
• kekurangan?
• kapan perlu?
• kapan tidak perlu?
ciri demokrasi
kelebihan demokrasi
kekurangan demokrasi
mengapa perlu demokrasi
kapan tidak perlu demokrasi
 demokrasi?
• dari, oleh, untuk rakyat
• siapa rakyat?
– semua orang
– sebagian besar orang
(yang menjadi bagian kelompok
mayoritas)
– sebagian orang
(yang memiliki akses)
– sebagian kecil orang
(di dalam atau dekat dengan
lingkaran kekuasaan)
 demokrasi a la David Held
• “a form of government in
which, in contradistinction
to monarchies and
aristocracies, the people
rule… (and it) entails a
state in which there is
some form of political
equality among the
people”
 demokrasi a la David Held
• aid to decision-making
process: means to
legitimate the decisions of
those voted into power
• popular power: a form of
life in which citizens are
engaged in self-
government and self-
regulation
 demokrasi a la Iris Marion Young
• aggregative model:
a competitive power-
oriented process, fosters
exclusion, results in weaker
legitimacy
• deliberative model:
a collective problem
solving process, fosters
inclusion, results in higher
legitimacy
 demokrasi a la Held, Dahl, Linz,
Stephan, Huntington,
• procedural:
focuses on whether or not
‘democratic mechanisms’
exist
• substantive:
focuses on whether or not
‘democratic values’ are
exercised and met
demokrasi a la Arend Lijphart
• majoritarian model:
majority of the people
• consensus model: as many
people as possible
 demokrasi a la Giovanni Sartori
• absolute majority:
a system of simple and
pure majority rule
• limited majority:
a system of majority rule
limited by minority rights
demokrasi/demokratisasi
• mendorong kekerasan?
• mendorong perdamaian?
 demokratisasi & kekerasan
• Jack Snyder:
– predemocratic popular rivalries
– elite persuasion
• Lee, Lindstrom, Moore, Turan:
– ties government’s hands,
creates more space for
popular uprising
– ready for mobilisation
• Przeworski:
– weakness of the centre
 demokratisasi & perdamaian
• kebebasan, hak dasar, peaceful
coexistence
• menghindari penumpukan
kekuasaan
• memperluas arena power
struggle antarkelompok
• pengaturan mekanistis
 serba-serbi demokrasi
• 550 konsep
• philosopher king
• dari, oleh, untuk rakyat
• trias politica
• check and balance
• partisipasi publik
• akuntabilitas, transparansi
 serba-serbi demokrasi
• jatuhnya diktator - extrication
• waves (and reverses): 1828-
1926, 19943-1964, 1970-?
• consolidation: 2 turn over-test
• tyranny of majority
• hukum besi oligarki
• trust
• civil liberty - culture of peace