DONE BY

SRIKANTH GIRISH
XE
13
WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?
 The shaking of the earth’s crust caused by a
release of energy.

 Earthquakes can be caused by:

 1. Eruption of a volcano
 2. Collapse of a cavern
 3. Impact of a meteorite
 4. Strain built up along boundaries between plates
A FAULT IS…
 A break in the lithosphere along which
movement has occurred. Most
earthquakes occur in this way.
 Friction between plates prevents them from moving,
so strain builds up. The rock deforms. Eventually,
the strain becomes great enough that the rock moves,
and returns to normal shape. This causes an
earthquake (elastic rebound theory).
CONTD…
 Focus: the point at which the rock first breaks
and moves in an earthquake. Below the
surface.
 Epicenter: the point on the earth’s surface
directly above the focus.
 Seismic Waves
 The energy released in an earthquake travels in
waves. There are three types:

 Primary waves (P waves)

 Secondary waves (S waves)
 Surface waves (Love and
Rayleigh)
MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
 Seismograph:
Instrument used to
measure an
Earthquake

 Seismogram:
The paper
record of the
Earthquake data
(shaking) is
called a
seismogram
 The S-P Time
Interval is the
time between
the start of the
p wave and the
s wave.
LOCATING EARTHQUAKE
 If you know the distance an earthquake occurred
from at least three different seismic stations,
you can determine the location of the epicenter.
 Triangulation:

Using the S-P

time interval
data from 3
stations to
determine the
epicenter
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE: STRENGTH
MEASURED BY THE AMOUNT OF RELEASED ENERGY

• Richter Scale by Charles

Richter
• Each increase in number
represents 10x an increase in
power.
• Example: a 4.0 is ten times
stronger than a 3.0
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
 Fire:Causes the most damage in an
Earthquake, some utility lines and roads get
damaged

 Liquefaction: When the ground turns to

quicksand due to the shaking

 Tsunamis: Are caused by underwater

earthquakes that make a big wave.
PRECAUTION
 ・Be prepared and protect yourself from an
earthquake when you hear an earthquake
warning announcement or feel a quake.
・Stay under a large table until a quake is gone.
Keep yourself safe from falling or moving objects
during a quake.
【High-rise Building with 10 or More Floors】
・Upper floors may be shaken for several
minutes.
・Large, slow shakes may let the furniture fall
down or move across the room.