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Collapse of Europe
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Mass Executions
The world would not learn until 1942 that Russian secret
police had murdered thousands of Polish officers in their
part of Poland – and buried the bodies in a Polish forest.
4/13/2019 World War II would violate the “rules” repeatedly. 3
“Sitzkreig”
Although France briefly attacked
German lines in the Saar, and the British
sent bombers over Germany, the war
after Poland collapsed was quiet.
German submarines attacked British
ships but the German armies did little
but defend the border with France.
Soon, the was called a “sitting war” in
Berlin, while the British made jokes
about a “Bore War.” Hitler made
overtures for peace talks but the Allies
rejected them.
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Stalin strikes
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Cash and Carry
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Defeat in France
In May-June, 1940, the
German armies defeated
France in 6 weeks and
forced the British to
evacuate their troops
from Belgium. The U.S.
feared Britain would
quickly sign a treaty that
would give Hitler control
of Europe.
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France Occupied
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As France collapsed,
Roosevelt offered
Britain a chance to
shelter its navy in
American ports. The
defeat of France
shocked Congress into
vastly increasing
US Aid
spending on defense.
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Britain Alone
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Action at Dakar
Imperial War
Museum
photograph
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Genocide
The Nazi plan was to occupy
the western part of Russia as
far as the Ural mountains,
allow much of the Russian
population to starve and use
the remainder as slave labor.
“We shoot villagers on the slightest
excuse. Just stick them up against a
wall. We order the whole village out to
watch. It’s a vicious circle. We hate
them and they hate us, and on and on it
goes, everyone getting more inhuman.”
From a German soldier’s diary
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Greece
Italy’s failures in North
Africa and Greece forced
the Germans to intervene,
seizing Yugoslavia, Greece
and Crete in another
“lightning” campaign.
This action threatened the
British hold on Egypt and
Suez (its link to India).
But Hitler had to postpone
the attack on Russia until
late June.
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The Draft
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Russia Invaded
When the Germans invaded
Russia in June 1941, the
surprised Russian soldiers
were mauled, losing over 4
million men in six months.
But they held on until winter
stopped the German forces
west of Moscow
About 8 of every 10 German
soldiers who were killed in the
war died in battle against the
Russians.
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Full Mobilization
Russia employed more women in the military and war industry than any
other European nation, and managed to move many machine tools to
eastern communities beyond German air range – but food shortages were
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acute and there was starvation in parts of the nation.
City of Death
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Death Camps
In 1942, the Nazis employed
their knowledge of poison gas
to speed up the murder of
some 5 million Jews in
special death camps, like
Auschwitz (entrance to the
Auschwitz camp still exists at
the memorial site in Poland).
U.S. and British code
breakers also knew about the
activities in these camps.
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And the War Came for
America
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Global War
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Different Strategies
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“Unconditional Surrender”
After the U.S. Army fought German
troops in North Africa, Roosevelt
surprised everyone when he said that
only the “unconditional surrender” of
Germany, Italy and Japan would end
the war. He may have said this to
reassure Stalin. Britain, receiving
enormous aid from America, had to go
along with the idea of not accepting a
negotiated peace. Churchill suspected
the US could use a long war to seize
British markets.
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Battle for
Mediterranean bases
Despite Stalin’s complaints,
Britain won over the U.S. to
again postpone the invasion of
France and fight in Italy in
1943. It was later charged that
Britain was trying to prevent
Russian advances into eastern
Europe (Greece and
Yugoslavia).
The Allies allowed Italy to
surrender with conditions- and
join their side.
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Mountain combat
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Stalingrad
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US War in the Air
The American air force
believed Germany could
be forced to surrender by
bombing German
industry.
Of the 78,000 American
“M.I.A.s” of WWII,
85% are air force fliers.
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The U-boat menace
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Breakout
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Warsaw in ruins
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End in Europe
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Cities in Europe were in such ruin that it took years to find all
the dead buried under the rubble. An estimated 30-40 million
European civilians died in the war, from battle, extermination,
4/13/2019 disease, and famine. 59
Island Hopping
To win the Pacific
War, the United
States had to build
the largest fleet in
history and move
from island to
island, building air
bases as they
approached Japan.
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End of Japanese Navy
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Postwar Europe and
American Leadership
U.S. was the guiding force in creating the United
Nations.
US played major part in occupying Germany from
1945-50.
US “Marshall Plan” provides billions of dollars to
restore European economy (eastern Europe does
not participate).
US creates NATO to counter Soviet military
power.
US leads in the creation of West German
Republic.
US “containment” policy is the key strategy in the
Cold War (1947-92).
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