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2. Thick skin
- Covers palm of hands and finger tis, sole of feet and other body area subject
to friction
- Each of the 5 strata of the epidermis are present and are generally several
cell layers thick
- Includes- stratum corneum (horney layer), stratum lucidum (clear layer),
stratum granulosum (granular layer) , stratum spinosum (spiny layer) and
stratum bastle (base layer)
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Four types of cells
Keratinocytes – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)
- Comprised over 90% of the epidermal cells and form principal
structural element of the outer skin.
Stratum Granulosum
-Process of keratinization begins here
-Cells are arranged in a sheet of 2-4 layers and are filled with
intensely staining granules called KERATOTHYALIN required
for keratin formation
-May be missing in some regions of thin skin
Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
-Form from 8-10 layers of irregularly shaped cells with prominent
intercellular demosomes.
-Cells are rich in RNA and therefore well equipped to initiate protein
synthesis required for production of keratin
Stratum Basale
-Single layer of columnar cells
-Cells undergo mitosis
-Migrate to other layers until they are shed from the skin
Epithelium: layers (on left) and cell types (on right)
Epidermal growth and repair
1. Turn over or generation time- refers to the time required for
epidermal cells to form the stratum basale and migrate to the skin
surface- about 35 days.
3. Normally 10-12% of all cells in the stratum basale enter mitosis daily.
*
Papillary and Reticular layer
1. Papillary
- Comprise essentially of loose connective tissue elements and a fine
network of thin callogenous and elastic fibers.
-Composed of dermal papillae that projects into the epidermis
-Contain the dermal –epidermal junction
-Forms a unique pattern that gives individual finger prints
2. Reticular
-Contain dense, under lacing white callogenous fibers and elastic fibers
to make the skin tough yet stretchable.
-When process from animal skin produces leather
Dermal Growth and Repair
1. The dermis does not continually shed and regenerate
itself as the epidermis
1. Tyrosinase
2. Exposure to sunlight
3. Hormones MSH- melanocyte stimulating hormone and ACTH
(adrenocorticotrophic hormone) produced by the pituitary gland
4. Increase age
* Carotene also contributes to skin color
Epidermis and dermis of (a) thick skin and (b) thin skin
(which one makes the difference?)
Fingerprints, palmprints, footprints
Dermal papillae lie atop dermal ridges
Elevate the overlying epidermis into epidermal ridges
Are “sweat films” because of sweat pores
Genetically determined
Fibers
Collagen: strength and resilience
Elastic fibers: stretch-recoil
Striae: stretch marks
Tension lines (or lines of cleavage)
The direction the bundles
of fibers are directed
Hypodermis
“Hypodermis” (Gk) = below the skin
“Subcutaneous” (Latin) = below the skin
Also called “superficial fascia”
“fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective
tissue
Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors
skin (areolar tissue and adipose cells)
Different patterns of accumulation
(male/female)
Skin color
Three skin pigments
Melanin:the most important
Carotene: from carrots and yellow vegies
Hemoglobin: the pink of light skin
Melanin in granules passes from
melanocytes (same number in all races)
to keratinocytes in stratum basale
Digested by lysosomes
Variations in color
Protection from UV light vs vitamin D?
Skin appendages
Derived from epidermis but extend into
dermis
Include
Hair and hair follicles
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sweat (sudoiferous) glands
Nails
Functions of the skin
1. Protection
-Physical barrier to microorganisms
-Barrier to chemical hazards
-Reduce potential for chemical trauma
-Prevent dehydration
-Protect from excess UV exposure
-Surface film- a emulsified protection barrier formed when mixing of
residues and secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands sloughed
epithelial cells from skin surface. This film is anti-bacterial activity,
lubrication, causes movement to occur without injury, it’s a buffer for
caustic irritants and blocked toxic agents.
2. Sensation
-Sense organs
-Have somatic sensory receptors which detect stimuli of pressure, touch,
temperature and pain
3. Excretion
-Regulate the volume and chemical content of sweat
-Influence total fluid volume and amount of waste products such as uric acid,
ammonia and urea
-The function of the sweat glands is to keep the body temperature constant by
the evaporation of water.
(explain how the sweat glands function)
-Microscopic bacteria act on the water to produce a bad odor
4. Vitamin D production
-Exposure of skin to UV light covert dehydrocholesterol to calciferol – a precursor
to vit. D. Calciferol is transported to the liver and kidney by the blood where
vitamin D is produced
5. Immunity 6. temperature control
Nails
Consist of epidermal cells converted to hard keratin
Development begins about week 10 and the nails of the toe
develops before the nails of the fingers
Corresponds to hooves and claws
Function of the nails is to grasp, manipulate and protection from
trauma
Grows from nail matrix
Structure of the Nail
1. Nail body- visible part of each nail
2. Root- part of nail groove hidden by folds of
skin cuticle
3. Lunula- moon-shape white area nearest root
4. Nail bed- layer of the epithelium under nail
body, contains abundant amount of blood
vessels
* Nails grow by mitosis of cells in the stratum
HAIR
- It is an assessory organ
- It is found all over the body except on lips, palm of hands
and soles of feet and a few other small areas.
- The development of the hair begins in the 3rd fetal month
with the development of hair follicles. At the 5th month
fine soft hair called LANUGO covers the body but sheds
before birth. At 5-6th month the terminal hair merges but
it is the same follicle that develops at the 3rd fetal month.
- At puberty, coarse pubic and axillary hair develops.
Hair and hair follicles: complex
Derived from epidermis and dermis
Everywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
Hair papilla
is connective
tissue________________
Functions of hair
Warmth – less in man than other mammals
Sense light touch of the skin
Protection - scalp
Parts
Root imbedded in skin
Shaft projecting above skin surface
Make up of hair – hard keratin
Three concentric layers
Medulla (core)
Cortex (surrounds medulla)
Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)
Types of hair
Vellus:fine, short hairs
Intermediate hairs
Terminal: longer, courser hair
Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week
Active: growing
Resting phase then shed
Hair loss
Thinning – age related
Male pattern baldness
Hair color
Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of
melanin for red
White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the
medulla
Genetically determined though influenced by
hormones and environment
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Entire body except palms and soles
Produce sebum by holocrine secretion
Oils and lubricates
GLANDS
1. Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
-2 types: 1. Eccrine glands – numerous, distributed on palm and sole of
feet and function in secretion and temperature control.
2. Apocrine – larger than eccrine, distributed in axillary
and genial areas, contain fat and proteins, secretion is odourless until
organic decomposition occurs, activates during stress and pain,
increase during foreplay and it is secreted during puberty and triggered
by the production of androgens.
Infection
Types
First degree – superficial, epidermis and hair burns off, minor pain,
healing in a few days and there is no scaring, no blisters but some
redness and surface peeling.
Second-degree
(epidermis and dermis,
with blistering)
Third-degree
(full thickness, destroying
epidermis, dermis, often part
of hypodermis)
Estimate by “rule of 9’s”
Critical burns
C - Colors