GEOTECHNICAL ASPECT OF

AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION
NEAR LAKSHAR
PRESENTED BY :-
GROUP 6A
VAIBHAV CHARAN (14113126)
RAHUL KUMAR (15113089)
MAHIP JAIN (1511)
SHUBHAM SINGLA (1511)
SHUBHAM GUPTA (1511)
SIDDHART KUMAR SINGH (1511)
TABLE OF CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION
• PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
• TESTS
• LAB TEST
• IN-SITU TESTS
• TESTS RESULTS
• FOUNDATION DESIGN
• BUILDING FOUNDATION
• OVERHEAD TANK
• SOIL SUBGRADE MODULUS FOR RUNWAY PAVEMENT
• REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

• The objective of the study is do a GEOTECHNICAL investigation of the

proposed site for airport construction.
• The investigation includes finding basic soil properties such as , water content ,
type of soil, c and value of soil etc.
• The bearing capacity and settlements for the foundation were calculated in order
to compute safe load carrying capacity of the soil.
• The design of foundation for different structure has been calculated and the k
value for subgrade soil for rigid runway pavement has been find out.
• Suggestion provided wherever required.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

• The site location is near Lakshar village of Roorkee tehsil.

• The location for bore holes for SPT has been selected by visual inspection.
• The location for plate load test has also been selected along with bore hole
location.
• Water table was encountered at 1.5m below ground level.
• Site has silty clay up to 2.9m depth and silty sand below that depth.
TESTS

• LAB TESTS
• Sieve Analysis
• Hydrometer Analysis
• Atterberg’s limit

• IN SITU TEST
• SPT
• DCPT
• Plate Load Test
 TEST RESULTS

• LAB TESTS
• Sieve Analysis
TEST RESULTS (CONTD.)

• LAB TESTS
• Hydrometer Analysis
 From 1.030 to 1.025 = 10 Small Division
 1 Small Division = 0.50 mm
 Neck Height = 8.16 mm
 Volume = 62.050 cm 3

 Diameter of Hydrometer = 24.90 mm

 Height of Bulb = 167.09 mm
 Diameter of Jar = 63.61 mm
TEST RESULTS (CONTD.)
• LAB TESTS
• Hydrometer Analysis
TEST RESULTS (CONTD.)

• LAB TESTS
• Hydrometer Analysis
 Grain Size Distribution
• Temperature : 24.3 C
• Temperature correction Ct: .88
• Cd:2.5
• = 0.009223

(
• M1= 30* *())0.5=.01308

• M2= = .9936
GSD CURVE OF SOIL
TEST RESULTS
• LAB TEST
• Atterberg’s limit
• Liquid Limit
TEST RESULTS
• LAB TEST
• Atterberg’s limit
• Liquid Limit
TEST RESULTS
• LAB TEST
• Atterberg’s limit
• Liquid Limit
TEST RESULTS
• LAB TEST
• Atterberg’s limit
• Plastic Limit
• At 0.75m depth - PL= 15.49
• At 1.50m depth - PL= 20.95
• LL=38.15; LL :32.93;
• Plasticity Index
• At 0.75m depth - 38.15-15.49 = 22.66 CI*
• At 1.50m depth - 32.93-20.95 = 11.98 CI-MI*

*As Soil has more then 50% fine particles.

 SOIL PROPERTIES

SILTY CLAY LAYER SILTY SAND LAYER

• γ(dry)= 16.37 KN/ • γ(dry)= 13.16 KN/
• G=2.65 • G=2.65
• S=100% • S=100%
• e=0.588 • e=0.976
• w=22.2% • w=36.8%
• γ(sat) = 20 KN/ • γ(sat) = 18 KN/
 TEST RESULTS
• IN SITU TESTS
• SPT
 TEST RESULTS
• IN SITU TESTS
• DCPT
TEST RESULTS (CONTD.)
• IN SITU TESTS
• Plate Load Test
FOUNDATION DESIGN
• Building foundation bearing capacity calculation for isolated footing of 3
story building –
• Using General Shear Failure equation
• Df = 2.5m; B*L=3m*3m; 20 KN/

• c= 20 KN/ ,
• Now for Φ =18°
• Nc= 12.9; Nq= 5.15; Nγ= 2.05
• Sc=1.47; Sq=Sγ=1.24
• Dc=1.26; Dq=Dγ=1.13

• Putting values in above equation yields

• Qu = (20*12.9*1.47*1.26*1) + (20*1.5+10.19*1)*(5.15-1)*1.24*1.13*1 + (.5*.5*3*2.05*1.24*1.13)
= 733.524 KN/
• Safe B.C.= 293.41 KN/
• From settlement criteria
• Settlement in clay layer
• , H = 0.4 , e. = 0.588 , P. = 1.5*20+1.2*10.19 , P= 120
•
• = 0.11*
• = 16.19mm
• In sand layer
N’= 0.77*log(2000/Po)*N = 50
• Navg = 37
• N”= 0.5*(N’-15) + 15 = 31
• For N”= 31 and B = 3m
• Settlement per unit pressure = 9.5 mm
• Stress calculation
• For layer 2 :
• 20*1.5+ 1.4*10.19+1.05*8+10*3*
• = 57.21 KN/
• For layer 3 :
• 20*1.5 + 1.4*7.43 + 1*8+10*3*
• = 54.796 KN/

• S2 = P2*9.5 =57.21*9.5/100 = 5.43mm

• S3 = P3*9.5 =54.796*9.5/100 = 5.21mm
• Total settlement = S2+S3 = 10.64mm
• After water table correction,
• Settlement = 10.64/0.5 = 21.28
• Total settlement = 21.28+16.19
=37.47mm
• Applying Depth Factor

• L/B=1
• Corrected settlement = 37.47* 0.76 = 28.47mm
• For 50mm permissible value of settlement ,
Allowable Bearing capacity = (29.3*50/28.47) = 51.46 t/
• So allowable B.C. of the footing = min (29.3, 51.46) = 29.3 t/
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)
Overhead
• Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation
• Using General shear failure equation with foundation at 2.5m
• Df = 2.5m; circular foundation with B=15m
• c= 20 KN/ , γ(sat.) = 20 KN/, γ(sub.) = 10.19 KN/ ; water correction factor=0.5
• Now for Φ =18°
• Nc = 12.9; Nq= 5.15; Nγ= 2.05
• Sc=1.3; Sq=1.2; Sγ=0.6
• Dc=1.046; Dq=Dγ=1.023
• Putting above value in equation yields
• Qu= 20*12.9*1.3*1.046+(20*1.5+10.19*1)*(5.15-1)*1.2*1.203+.5*.5*15*10.19*2.05*0.6*1.023
• Qu= 639.69 KN/
• Safe B.C. = 213.23 KN/(FOS=3)
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation

• Settlement
For Cohesive Strata St = Cc*H*log()*

Cc = 0.11; = 1.5*20+1.2*10.19= 42.23 KN/

e0 =0.976 ; = 480.2 KN/
H = 0.4m
St = 24.32mm
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation

• Settlement
For Sand Strata

N’ = 0.77 * log ( 2000 / Po ) * N = 46

N” = ½ * (N’ -15) +15 = 30.5 say 31
For N” = 31 and B = 15 m

Settlement per unit pressure = 10 mm

FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation

Stress calculations for settlement
 OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
 First we needed to divide the sand strata into different layer and then calculate overburden
pressure at centre of each layer
For layer 1: 1.5 * 20 + 1.2 * 10.19 = 42.23 kN/m2
For layer 2: 1.5 * 20 + 1.4 * 10.19 + 1.05 * 8.19 = 52.87 kN/m2
For layer 3: 1.5 * 20 + 1.4 * 10.19 + 3.1 * 8.19 = 69.66 kN/m2
For layer 4: 1.5 * 20 + 1.4 * 10.19 + 5.6 * 8.19 = 90.14 kN/m2
For layer 5: 1.5 * 20 + 1.4 * 10.19 + 8.6 * 8.19 = 114.71 kN/m2
For layer 6: 1.5 * 20 + 1.4 * 10.19 + 12.35 * 8.19 = 145.42 kN/m2
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation

Stress calculations for settlement
 PRESSURE DUE TO OVERHEAD TANK
 First we needed effective area at mid point of each layer the we calculate pressure on that layer
For layer 1: 39240 / (3.14 * 0.25 * 10.2 * 10.2) = 480.2 kN/m2
For layer 2: 39240 / (3.14 * 0.25 * 11.45 * 11.45) = 381.1 kN/m2
For layer 3: 39240 / (3.14 * 0.25 * 13.5 * 13.5) = 274.14 kN/m2
For layer 4: 39240 / (3.14 * 0.25 * 16 * 16) = 195.17 kN/m2
For layer 5: 39240 / (3.14 * 0.25 * 19 * 19) = 138.42 kN/m2
For layer 6: 39240 / (3.14 * 0.25 * 22.75 * 22.75) = 96.53 kN/m2
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation

Stress calculations for settlement
 SETTLEMENT CALCULATION FOR SAND STRATA
For layer 2: (52.87+ 381.1)*10/100 = 43.4 mm
For layer 3: (69.66+ 274.14)*10/100 = 34.38 mm
For layer 4: (90.14+ 195.17)*10/100 = 28.53 mm
For layer 5: (114.71+ 138.42)*10/100 = 25.31 mm
For layer 6: (145.42+ 96.53)*10/100 = 24.2 mm

 TOTAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION = 24.32+43.4+34.38+28.53+25.31+24.2

= 180.14 mm
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank Raft foundation bearing capacity calculation

Stress calculations for settlement
 SETTLEMENT CALCULATION
Depth Factor =

Corrected settlemet = 180.14*0.95 = 171.13 mm

Rigidity correction factor = 0.8 (concrete foundation)
Final corrected settlement = 171.13*0.8 = 136.91 mm
For permissible value of 50mm settlement
Allowable bearing capacity = 213.23 * 50/ 136.91 = 77.87 kN/m2

• THE PERMISSIBLE LOAD VALUE WILL BE FROM SETTLEMENT CRITERIA = 77.87 kN/m2
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)

• Overhead Tank pile foundation

• With reference from IS 2911 (2010) annex B (clauses 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.2)
• Assuming length of pile = 10m
• Diameter = 0.3m
FOUNDATION DESIGN(CONTD.)
•• Overhead Tank pile foundation
• For φ = 36° Nq = 50
• δ = 0.75 φ = 27° (for concrete pile)
• K = 2 for dense sand

Clay:
• Qu = a Cu As
Where
a = Adhesion factor = 0.5 for medium soil and bored pile
Cu = Undrained cohesion
As = Surface area
• Qu = 0.5 * 2 * * 0.3 * 2.9 = 2.73 t/m = 27.3 kN/m
2 2
Overhead Tank pile foundation

• Sand:
• Skin friction resistance Qf = S Ki su tanδ As
= 2 * 68.84 * tan(27) * 3.14 * 0.3 * 6 + 2 * 93.41 * tan(27) * 3.14 * 0.3 * 1.1
= 495.13 kN/m2
• And Bearing Capacity Qlb = q Nq Ap + 0.5 g Ng Ap D
= 93.41 * 39.3 * 3.14 * 0.25 * 0.3 * 0.3
= 259.35 kN/m2

• Therefore Qu, total = Qu + Qf + Qlb = 781.78 kN/m2

Overhead Tank pile foundation

• Assuming FOS = 2.5

• Pile capacity = 781.78/2.5 =312.71 kN/m2
• No of piles required for 20lac liter capacity tank (assuming weight of structure
equal to weight of water) = 2*2000000*9.81*10 -3/(312.71*16)= 8

 Therefore provide 8 Piles for 4*4 foundation base.

SOIL SUBGRADE MODULUS FOR RUNWAY PAVEMENT
• The k value as obtain from the Plate
load test = 11.08 MN/m3
• The corrected value of k after applying
plate size correction = 11.08*60/75
= 8.864 MN/m3
• According to Directorate General of
Civil Aviation guidelines for strength of
subgrade it comes under category D for
rigid pavement, therefore ground
improvement and strengthening
techniques are required.
REFERENCES
• USCS guidelines
• IS 2911 (2010) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS — CODE OF PRACTICE
• IS 1904-1986 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS IN
SOILS : GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

• DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION GUIDELINES

• SOIL TESTING FOR ENGINEERS S. MITTAL, J.P. SHUKLA
• BASIC AND APPLIED SOIL MECHANICS GOPAL RANJAN AND A S R RAO