Water Pollution

By:
1. Elya Noer Aini
2. Justitia Cahyani
3. Salma Auliya Fatimah

🌏
4. Salma Cristy Syahidahalla
5. Salma Sakinatunnisa
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the entry or inclusion of
living things, substances, energy, or other
components into the water by human
activities so that the quality of water drops
to a certain level which causes water to not
function according to usage
 Direct source
Is a waste originating from a source of pollution.
ex: factory waste, domestic waste in the form of
fecal waste and ex-washing water and garbage

water pollution is divided

into 2 groups
Indirect source
Is a contaminant that enters through ground
water due to pollution in the surface of the
water both from industrial waste and from
domestic waste
Impact of Water Pollution
in river, lake, and sea
1. Impact on the life of aquatic biota.
With the amount of pollutants in the wastewater, it will cause a decrease in the
level of oxygen dissolved in the waste water. causing life to be disturbed (death, lack of
development) damage to plants / aquatic plants.
As a result of the death of bacteria, the process of purifying water naturally is also
hampered. Wastewater is difficult to decompose.
Heat from industrial waste also has an impact on the death of the organism, if the
wastewater is not cooled first.
2. Impact on groundwater quality.
Groundwater quality decreases (heavy metals, odors, etc.). A survey of shallow
wells in Jakarta shows that contamination of groundwater by feces has occurred on a wide
scale.
3. Health Impact
The direct effect on health, for example, depends very much on the quality of the
water given the contaminated water in this case serves as a channel media or spreader of
the disease.
The role of water as a carrier of infectious diseases varies, including:
▪ water as a medium for living pathogenic microbes;
▪ water as a nest for disease-spreading insects;
▪ the amount of clean water available is not enough, so that the person concerned
cannot clean himself;
▪ water as a medium for living vector spreaders of disease.
4. Impact on environmental aesthetics.
With the increasing amount of organic matter being disposed of by companies that
produce organic materials such as tapioca, waste water will be produced every day in the
form of increasingly large organic matter ukan the process of decaying organic matter inside
it a strong odor.
5. Impact on economical society (impact on sea)
Water pollution in the sea can cause disruption to the survival of biota in the
vicinity, such as fisheries resources and coastal and marine ecosystems (mangroves,
seagrass beds and coral reefs) and will ultimately have a wider impact on decreasing the
income of coastal communities who depend on biological productivity in coastal and
marine areas
The purpose of water
quality monitoring
 Monitoring the water quality of a waters has three main objectives as follows
(manson, 1993);
▪ Environmental surveillance, which is the purpose of detecting and measuring the
influence caused by a polluter on environmental quality and knowing the improvement
of environmental quality after the pollutant is removed.
▪ Establishing water-quality criteria, namely the aim of knowing the causal relationship
between changes in variable-variable aquatic ecology with physical and chemical
parameters, to obtain water quality quality standards.
▪ Appraisal of resources, namely the purpose of knowing the picture of water quality in a
place in general.
Water pollution parameters
 Physical Parameters
Determination of chemical parameters of water
pollution is determined based on physical
properties.

Water pollution
parameters
Chemical Parameters
Determination of water pollution parameters
is chemically determined based on chemical
properties.
Physical Parameters
1. Temperature
Increasing the temperature of natural waters slightly above normal temperatures will
trigger the growth of microorganisms along with the increase in decomposition of
organic matter by microorganisms.
2. Brightness and Turbidity
Can be detected using the Secci Dish tool. Some of the suspending solids and flows in
the waters cause an increase in turbidity.
Ex: sea water has high dissolved solids, but has low turbidity; turbidity in the lake is
caused by suspended material / fine colloidal particles; In the river much turbidity is
caused by larger particles such as runoff from a higher place.
Physical Parameters
3. Color
There are two colors in the waters, namely Apparent Color and true color. Color intensity
tends to increase with increasing pH. In terms of aesthetics, the color of water should
not exceed 15 PtCo. (Cobalt Platinum scale). For drinking water, color should not exceed
50PtCo.
4. Total solids, dissolved, and suspended
Solids found in waters are classified according to diameter size, can be seen in table 2.2.
Chemical Parameters
1. Degree of Acidity (pH)
The pH value is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in water, the greater
the concentration of hydrogen ions in water, the lower the pH value and the more toxic
the water.
2. Dissolved oxygen
disturbed growth
1. Tingkat Keasaman (pH)
Nilai pH ditentukan oleh konsentrasi ion hidrogen dalam air, semakin besar konsentrasi
ion hidrogen dalam air, semakin rendah nilai pH dan semakin beracun air.
2. Oksigen terlarut
Chemical Parameters
3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOd5 is an illustration of the level of organic matter, namely the amount of oxygen
needed by aerobic microbes to oxidize organic matter to carbon dioxide and water.
The presence of toxic materials can disrupt the ability of microbes to oxidize organic
matter. Waters that have BOd5 content of 5.0-7.0 mg / liter are considered to be still
natural, while waters that have BOd5 content> 10 mg / liter are considered to have been
contaminated.
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
COd describes the total amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize chemicals, both
biologically degraded / biologically difficult to degrade.
3. Permintaan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD)
BOd5 adalah ilustrasi tingkat bahan organik, yaitu jumlah oksigen yang dibutuhkan
oleh mikroba aerob untuk mengoksidasi bahan organik menjadi karbon dioksida dan
air.
Kehadiran bahan beracun dapat mengganggu kemampuan mikroba untuk mengoksidasi
bahan organik. Perairan yang memiliki kandungan BOd5 5,0-7,0 mg / liter dianggap
masih alami, sedangkan perairan yang memiliki kandungan BOd5> 10 mg / liter dianggap
telah terkontaminasi.
4. Permintaan Oksigen Kimia (COD)
COd menjelaskan jumlah total oksigen yang dibutuhkan untuk mengoksidasi bahan kimia
secara kimia, baik secara biologis terdegradasi / secara biologis sulit untuk didegradasi.
Chemical Parameters
COd content in non-polluted waters usually ranges from less than 20 mg / liter. Whereas
in polluted waters more than 200 mg / liter and in industrial waste can reach 60,000 mg
/ liter (Effendi, 2003)
5. Nitrite (NO2-)
Nitrite is toxic in waters. Natural waters contain nitrite of around 0.01 mg / liter and
should not exceed 0.06 mg / liter because it can be toxic.
6. Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen in natural waters and is the main nutrient for plant
growth and algae. Natural nitrogen nitrate levels are usually not more than 0.1 mg / liter.
Nitrate levels> 5 mg / liter illustrate the occurrence of anthropogenic pollution originating
from human activities and animal feces.
Chemical Parameters
Kandungan COd di perairan yang tidak tercemar biasanya berkisar kurang dari 20 mg /
liter. Sedangkan di perairan yang tercemar lebih dari 200 mg / liter dan dalam limbah
industri bisa mencapai 60.000 mg / liter (Effendi, 2003)
5. Nitrit (NO2-)
Nitrit beracun di perairan. Perairan alami mengandung nitrit sekitar 0,01 mg / liter dan
tidak boleh melebihi 0,06 mg / liter karena dapat beracun.
6. Nitrat (NO3)
Nitrat adalah bentuk utama nitrogen di perairan alami dan merupakan nutrisi utama
untuk pertumbuhan tanaman dan ganggang. Kadar nitrat nitrogen alami biasanya tidak
lebih dari 0,1 mg / liter. Tingkat nitrat> 5 mg / liter menggambarkan terjadinya
pencemaran antropogenik yang berasal dari aktivitas manusia dan kotoran hewan.
Chemical Parameters
7. Iron (Fe)
Iron content in natural waters ranges from 0.05-0.2 mg / liter (Boyd, 1988), iron
content> 1.0 mg / liter can endanger the life of aquatic organisms.
8. Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium levels in natural waters around 0,0001-0,001 mg / liter. To protect the life of
the aquatic ecosystem, the waters should have cadmium levels of around 0,0002 mg /
liter (Effendi, 2003).
9. Lead (Pb)
The waters designated for drinking water should not exceed 0.1 mg / liter (Effendi, 2003)
7. Besi (Fe)
Kadar besi dalam perairan alami berkisar 0,05-0,2 mg / liter (Boyd, 1988), kadar besi> 1,0
mg / liter dapat membahayakan kehidupan organisme akuatik.
8. Cadmium (Cd)
Kadar kadmium di perairan alami sekitar 0,0001-0,001 mg / liter. Untuk melindungi
kehidupan ekosistem perairan, perairan harus memiliki kadar kadmium sekitar 0,0002
mg / liter (Effendi, 2003).
9. Timbal (Pb)
Air yang ditujukan untuk air minum tidak boleh melebihi 0,1 mg / liter (Effendi, 2003)
Parameter Kimia
10. Phosphate (PO4)
The level of phosphorus that is permitted for the benefit of drinking water is 0.2 mg /
liter. Phosphorus levels in natural waters range from 0.005-0.02 mg / liter (Effendi,
2003).
If the phosphate level in natural water is very low (<0.01 mg P / l), plant growth and
algae will be blocked, this condition is called oligotrope.
Parameter Kimia
10. Fosfat (PO4)
Tingkat fosfor yang diizinkan untuk manfaat air minum adalah 0,2 mg / liter. Kadar fosfor
di perairan alami berkisar antara 0,005-0,02 mg / liter (Effendi, 2003).
Jika kadar fosfat dalam air alami sangat rendah (<0,01 mg P / l), pertumbuhan tanaman
dan ganggang akan tersumbat, kondisi ini disebut oligotrop.
Case Study
Title : Water Quality Assessment and Pollution Source Identification of the Eastern Poyang Lake
Basin Using Multivariate Statistical Methods
Introduction : - Water pollution caused both by anthropogenic activities such as urbanization,
industrial accidents, dam construction , and natural phenomena like soil erosion and climate
- Declining water quality is the result of spatio-temporal changes in sedimentation, temperature,
pH, nutrients, heavy metals, toxic organic compounds and pesticides, and so on.
- -Among these methods, multivariate statistical techniques including CA, PCA/FA, and DA
can be applied to easily extract important information in large water quality datasets and
are therefore used widely to evaluate water quality and identify potential pollution sources
Material and Methods :
study area. Poyang Lake, which is the largest freshwater lake (3050 km ) in China, is located on the
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south bank of the middle-lower Yangtze River in Jiangxi Province

In this study, the East Poyang Lake Basin was chosen to conduct water quality
investigations. The Eastern Poyang Lake Basin mainly contains the Xin River and Rao River.
Monitored Parameters and Analytical Methods.
Twenty-eight monitoring stations were selected for taking water samples in this study;
station X1–X13 are located in the Xin River, station L1–L9 are located in the Chang River, and station
P1–P5 are located in east Poyang Lake.
Considering pollution features and traditional water quality index in China, total 14 water
quality parameters including temperature (TEMP), pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N), 5-day
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO
total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), fluoride (F), sulfide (S), copper (Cu), oil, chromium (Cr) and
Zinc (Zn) were selected to analyze water quality in the Eastern Poyang Lake Basin.
Multivariate Statistical Methods
Spatio-temporal analysis of the water quality in the Eastern Poyang Lake Basin was
analyzed by using CA, DA, and PCA/FA techniques
Results and Discussion :
1. Temporal/Spatial Similarity and Grouping
corresponds to highly polluted stations, with highest average concentrations of NH -N, oil, BOD,
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COD and TP. Most stations in this group were located at the middle to down-stream of the east
Poyang Lake basin and received pollution from point sources including municipal sewage and
industrial wastewater and non-pointpollution sources.
2. Temporal/Spatial Variations in River Water Quality
Based on the temporal groups (wet season and dry season) from CA, DA was performed
on raw data to further explore temporal changes in surface water quality
3. Data Structure Determination and Source Identification
Based on the normalized log-transformed data sets, PCA/FA was used to further identify
the potential pollution sources for the low pollution and high pollution regions. Before the PCA/FA
analysis, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s Sphericity tests were carried out on the
parameter correlation matrix to examine the validity of PCA/FA.
Conclusions and Future Work : Different multivariate statistical techniques were applied to evaluate
spatio-temporal variations in surface water quality of the Eastern Poyang Lake Basin in this study.
Based on the results obtained from hierarchical CA, spatial and temporal changes in surface water
quality were analyzed through achieving discriminant functions and classification matrices using DA.
 The results from PCA/FA analysis identified there were five latent pollutions including
nutrients, organics, chemicals, heavy metals and natural pollution.
Finally, further investigation of heavy metal pollution should be implemented, especially
for Cu pollution