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Nervous Tissue > Neurons
Neurons
• Structural Diversity of Neurons
• Classification of Neurons
www.boundless.com/physiology
Structural Diversity of Neurons

• A neuron generally consists of a cell body or soma, an axon, that is an extension
extending from the cell body, and dendrites, which are thin structures that also
extend from the cell body.The cell body of a neuron may give rise to several
dendrites but never more than one axon.
• Neurons can generally be anatomically characterized as unipolar or

pseudounipolar, bipolar, or multipolar: more than two dendrites.
• Neurons can also be characterized functionally.Specialized neurons serve

discrete functions.
Neurotransmission at a Chemical Synapse

View on Boundless.com
www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/nervous-tissue-11/neurons-111/structural-diversity-of-
neurons-606-4933
Classification of Neurons
• Neurons can be classified by the direction of the action potential or route by which
information travels. Afferent neurons convey information from tissues and organs
to the brain and efferent signals transmit information from the brain to effector
cells in the body.
• Interneurons connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous

system.
• Neurons can have excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects on target neurons

depending on the neurotransmitter they release.
• Interneurons connect neurons within a brain region. The organization of the nervous system
View on Boundless.com
• Neurons can have excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects on their targets
depending on the neurotransmitter.
• Neurons can have specific electrophysiological characteristics such as tonic or

regular spiking, phasic or bursting, or fast spiking.
www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/nervous-tissue-11/neurons-111/classification-of-neurons-
607-2050
• Efferent neurons carry information away from a brain region.
• Interneurons connect neurons within a brain region.
• Neurons can have excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects on their targets depending on the neurotransmitter.
• Neurons can have specific electrophysiological characteristics such as tonic or regular spiking, phasic or bursting spiking, or
fast spiking.
www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/nervous-tissue-11/neurons-111/classification-of-neurons-
607-2050
Appendix
Nervous Tissue
Key terms
• afferent Afferent neurons convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system (e.g. sensory neurons).
• efferent Efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells (e.g. motor neurons).
• neuron A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites.Neurons are
connected by synapses.
• tonic or regular spiking Neurons that are typically constantly (or tonically) active are called tonic or regular spiking.
Nervous Tissue
Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication

The process of synaptic transmission in neurons using a neurotransmitter.
Wikipedia. "Nervous system." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#Function View on Boundless.com
Nervous Tissue
The organization of the nervous system

Gross organization of the nervous system, with the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, and major components.
Wikipedia. "Nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#Function View on Boundless.com
Nervous Tissue
Neurotransmission at a Chemical Synapse

A signal propagating down an axon to the cell body and dendrites of the next cell
Wikipedia. "Neuron." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron#Classes View on Boundless.com
Nervous Tissue
types of neurons
1: Unipolar neuron, 2: Bipolar neuron, 3: Multipolar neuron, 4: Pseudounipolar neuron
Wikipedia. "Neurons uni bi multi pseudouni." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neurons_uni_bi_multi_pseudouni.svg View on Boundless.com
Nervous Tissue
The organization of the nervous system

Gross organization of the nervous system, with the peripheral nervous system, the spinal, and the cortical levels.
Wikipedia. "Nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#Function View on Boundless.com
Nervous Tissue
Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication

Electrical impulses travel along the axon of a neuron.When this signal reaches a synapse, it provokes release of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind
to receptor molecules located in the the target cell.
Wikipedia. "Nervous system." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#Function View on Boundless.com
Nervous Tissue
Which of the following statements about neuron classification is

true?
A) Classification based on if information flows from the brain (efferent) or

to the brain (afferent)
B) Classification based on excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects of

neurotransmitter release
C) Classification based on electrophysiological properties such as

regular, bursting, or fast spiking
D) All statements regarding the classification of neurons are true
Nervous Tissue
Which of the following statements about neuron classification is

true?
A) Classification based on if information flows from the brain (efferent) or

to the brain (afferent)
B) Classification based on excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects of

neurotransmitter release
C) Classification based on electrophysiological properties such as

regular, bursting, or fast spiking
D) All statements regarding the classification of neurons are true
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Nervous Tissue
Which of the following lists the structural elements found in the

majority if not all neurons?
A) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), one axon, and one or more
dendrites
B) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), many axons, and one or more
dendrites
C) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma) at each end, one axon, and
one or more dendrites
D) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), two axons, and only one long
dendrite
Nervous Tissue
Which of the following lists the structural elements found in the

majority if not all neurons?
A) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), one axon, and one or more
dendrites
B) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), many axons, and one or more
dendrites
C) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma) at each end, one axon, and
one or more dendrites
D) A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), two axons, and only one long
dendrite
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Nervous Tissue
Neurons that are typically constantly (or tonically) active are called
_______.
A) neuron
B) depolarization
C) temporal summation
D) tonic or regular spiking
Nervous Tissue
Neurons that are typically constantly (or tonically) active are called
_______.
A) neuron
B) depolarization
C) temporal summation
D) tonic or regular spiking
Nervous Tissue
_______ neurons transmit signals from the central nervous

system to the effector cells (e.g. motor neurons).
A) neuron
B) ion
C) sensory receptor
D) efferent
Nervous Tissue
_______ neurons transmit signals from the central nervous

system to the effector cells (e.g. motor neurons).
A) neuron
B) ion
C) sensory receptor
D) efferent
Nervous Tissue
_______ neurons convey information from tissues and organs into

the central nervous system (e.g. sensory neurons).
A) neuron
B) afferent
C) saltatory conduction
D) nerve
Nervous Tissue
_______ neurons convey information from tissues and organs into

the central nervous system (e.g. sensory neurons).
A) neuron
B) afferent
C) saltatory conduction
D) nerve
Nervous Tissue
A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses;

consisting of an axon and several dendrites. _______s are
A) afferent
B) tonic or regular spiking
C) resting membrane potential
D) neuron
Nervous Tissue
A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses;

consisting of an axon and several dendrites. _______s are
A) afferent
B) tonic or regular spiking
C) resting membrane potential
D) neuron
Nervous Tissue
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Neuron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron#Classes
• Wiktionary. "afferent." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/afferent
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/efferent
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/tonic-or-regular-spiking
• Wikipedia. "Neuron." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron#Classes
• Wikipedia. "Neuron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron
• Wiktionary. "neuron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neuron

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Structural Diversity of Neurons

• Neurons can generally be anatomically characterized as unipolar or

• Neurons can also be characterized functionally.Specialized neurons serve

Neurotransmission at a Chemical Synapse

• Interneurons connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous

• Neurons can have excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects on target neurons

• Neurons can have specific electrophysiological characteristics such as tonic or

• Efferent neurons carry information away from a brain region.

• Interneurons connect neurons within a brain region.

Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication

The organization of the nervous system

Neurotransmission at a Chemical Synapse

The organization of the nervous system

Major elements in neuron-to-neuron communication

Which of the following statements about neuron classification is

A) Classification based on if information flows from the brain (efferent) or

B) Classification based on excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects of

C) Classification based on electrophysiological properties such as

D) All statements regarding the classification of neurons are true

Which of the following statements about neuron classification is

A) Classification based on if information flows from the brain (efferent) or

B) Classification based on excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects of

C) Classification based on electrophysiological properties such as

D) All statements regarding the classification of neurons are true

Which of the following lists the structural elements found in the

Which of the following lists the structural elements found in the

D) tonic or regular spiking

D) tonic or regular spiking

_______ neurons transmit signals from the central nervous

_______ neurons transmit signals from the central nervous

_______ neurons convey information from tissues and organs into

_______ neurons convey information from tissues and organs into

A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses;

B) tonic or regular spiking

C) resting membrane potential

A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses;

B) tonic or regular spiking

C) resting membrane potential

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