Sessi 2

Fe-Fe3C phase diagram, Steel microstructure

characteristics,Transformation of Carbon Steel in
continous cooling condition, Lever Rule
Practical, TTT and CCT diagrams. Effect of
Alloying element to Fe-Fe3C diagram and heat
treatment behaviour

1
CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL APPLICATION

2
The Iron–Carbon System
Ferrite
Alpha ferrite denoted α-ferrite or ferrite
It is a solid solution of bcc iron
Delta ferrite (δ-ferrite) is stable only at very high temperatures and is of
no practical significance in engineering
Ferrite is soft and ductile
It is magnetic from room temperature to 768°C, Curie temperature

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The Iron–Carbon System
Austenite
Within a certain temperature range, iron undergoes a polymorphic
transformation from a bcc to a fcc structure,
Becomes gamma iron (γ-iron) or austenite
Austenite is denser than ferrite and important in heat treatment
Possesses good formability

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The Iron–Carbon System
Cementite
Right boundary represents cementite,
also called carbide
Cementite is very hard and brittle
intermetallic compound
Has a significant influence on the
properties of steels

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The Iron–Carbon System
Austenite

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Tabel 4. Sifat Mekanis Beberapa Fasa Pada
Baja

No Fasa Kelar max C(%) Elongasi() Kekerasan(BHN)

1 Ferit 0,02 pada 723oC 40 100

0,005 pada 0oC

Austenit 2,00 pada 1140oC 2 369

0,85 pada 723oC

3 Semen C=6,8, Fe 93,3 0 650

tit

4 Bainit 469

5 Marten =Kelarutan C saat 0 550

sit austenisasi

7
The Iron–Iron-carbide Phase Diagram and the
Development of Microstructures in Steels

Eutectoid reaction, is where at a certain

temperature, a single solid phase (austenite) is
transformed into two other solid phases
Structure of eutectoid steel is called pearlite

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The Iron–Iron-carbide Phase Diagram and the
Development of Microstructures in Steels

The figure shows iron–iron-carbide phase

diagram

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 T(ºC)
Hypoeutectoid
d
1600
Steel
1400 L
g g g g +L (Fe-C
g g 1200 1148ºC L+Fe3C System)

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
g g 1000
g g g + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.29,Callister &
a 800
Rethwisch 8e.
ag g 727ºC (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
a
g g a Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
600
a + Fe3C 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
400 1990.)
a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0
0.76

C, wt% C
pearlite

Hypoeutectoid
100 mm
steel

pearlite proeutectoid ferrite

Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
10
 T(ºC)
Hypoeutectoid
d
1600
Steel
1400 L

a g g +L (Fe-C
1200 System)
ag g 1148ºC L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
a (austenite)
g g
1000
g + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
Wa = s/(r + s) and 9.29,Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
800 727ºC
Wg =(1 - Wa) r s (Fig. 9.24 adapted from

aRS Binary Alloy Phase

Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
a 600
a + Fe3C 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
Chief), ASM International,
pearlite Materials Park, OH,
400 1990.)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0
0.76

C, wt% C
Wpearlite = Wg
Wa’ = S/(R + S) 100 mm
Hypoeutectoid
steel
WFe3C =(1 – Wa’)
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
11
 T(ºC)
Hypereutectoid
d
1600
Steel
1400 L (Fe-C
g g g g +L System)
g g
1200 1148ºC L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
g g 1000
g g g +Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32,Callister &
Fe3C
g g
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.24
800 adapted from Binary Alloy
g g a Phase Diagrams, 2nd
ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski
600
a +Fe3C (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM
International, Materials
Park, OH, 1990.)
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe) C, wt%C
pearlite

60 mmHypereutectoid
steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
12
 T(ºC)
Hypereutectoid
d
1600
Steel
1400 L (Fe-C
Fe3C g g +L System)
g g 1200 1148ºC L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
g g 1000
g +Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32,Callister &
Wg =x/(v + x) Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.24
800 v x adapted from Binary Alloy
WFe3C =(1-Wg)
a V X
Phase Diagrams, 2nd
ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski
600
a +Fe3C (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM
pearlite International, Materials
Park, OH, 1990.)
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe) C, wt%C
Wpearlite = Wg
Wa = X/(V + X)
60 mmHypereutectoid
WFe =(1 - Wa) steel
3C’
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
13
Example Problem
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C steel at a temperature just below the
eutectoid, determine the following:
a) The compositions of Fe3C and ferrite (a).
b) The amount of cementite (in grams) that forms in 100 g of steel.
c) The amounts of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite (a) in the 100 g.

14
a) Using the RS tie line just below the eutectoid
Solution to Example Problem
Ca = 0.022 wt% C
CFe3C = 6.70 wt% C

b) Using the lever rule with 1600

the tie line shown d
1400 L
R C  Ca
WFe3C   0 T(ºC)
g g +L
R  S CFe3C  Ca

Fe C (cementite)
1200 1148ºC L+Fe3C
(austenite)
0.40  0.022
  0.057 1000
g + Fe3C
6.70  0.022
800 727ºC
R S
Amount of Fe3C in 100 g 600
a + Fe3C
= (100 g)WFe3C 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Ca C0 C, wt% C CFe
3C
= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g
15
c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and realizing
Solution to Example Problem (cont.)
that
C0 = 0.40 wt% C
Ca = 0.022 wt% C
Cpearlite = Cg = 0.76 wt% C
1600
d
1400 L
V C  Ca T(ºC)
Wpearlite   0 g g +L

Fe C (cementite)
V  X Cg  Ca 1200
(austenite)
1148ºC L+Fe3C

0.40  0.022 1000

  0.512 g + Fe3C
0.76  0.022
800 727ºC
VX
Amount of pearlite in 100 g 600
a + Fe3C
= (100 g)Wpearlite 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Ca C0 Cg C, wt% C
= (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g
16
Microstructure, phase compositions, and phase fractions respond interactively
VMSE: Interactive Phase Diagrams

Change alloy composition

17
The Iron–Carbon System
The figure shows iron–iron-carbide phase diagram

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The Iron–Iron-carbide Phase Diagram and the
Development of Microstructures in Steels

Microstructures developed depend on the carbon content, the amount of

plastic deformation (working), and the method of heat treatment
Reason for slow cooling is to maintain equilibrium; higher rates of cooling
are employed in heat treating
Austenite is transformed into alpha ferrite (bcc) and cementite

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The Iron–Iron-carbide Phase Diagram and the Development of
Microstructures in Steels:
Effects of Alloying Elements in Iron

Effect of alloying elements is to shift the eutectoid temperature and

eutectoid composition
They shift other phase boundaries as well
Eutectoid temperature may be raised or lowered from 727°C, depending
on alloying element
Lowering the eutectoid temperature means increasing the austenite
range
Alloying element is known as an austenite former

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

STEELS

Based on data provided in Tables 11.1(b), 11.2(b), 11.3, and 11.4, Callister 6e. 3
table_11_01a
 Alloying with Other Elements
• Teutectoid changes: • Ceutectoid changes:

Ceutectoid (wt% C)
T Eutectoid (ºC)

Ti Si
Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni

wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements

Adapted from Fig. 9.34,Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Adapted from Fig. 9.35,Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 9.34 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the (Fig. 9.35 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the
Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for
Metals, 1939, p. 127.) Metals, 1939, p. 127.)

23
• Eutectoid transf. (Fe-Fe3C system): g  a + Fe3C
Transformations
• For & Undercooling
transf. to occur, must 0.76 wt% C 6.7 wt% C
cool to below 727ºC 0.022 wt% C
(i.e., must “undercool”)
T(ºC)
1600 Adapted from Fig.
d 9.24,Callister & Rethwisch
8e. (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
1400 L Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1,
g g +L T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
1200 Chief), ASM International,

Fe3C (cementite)
1148ºC L+Fe3C
(austenite) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

1000
a Eutectoid: g +Fe3C
ferrite 800 Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727ºC
727ºC
DT a +Fe3C
600
Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C
0.022

0.76

400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C, wt%C
24
• Transformation of austenite to pearlite:
The Fe-Fe
Austenite (g)3C Eutectoid Transformation
cementite (Fe C)
Diffusion of C
3 during transformation
grain a Ferrite (a)
boundary a a
g
g a
a g
Adapted from
a pearlite g
Fig. 9.15,
a growth a
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. direction
a
• For this transformation, 100
Carbon
diffusion
rate increases with y (% pearlite) 600ºC
(DT larger)
[Teutectoid – T ] (i.e., DT). 650ºC
Adapted from
50 675ºC Fig. 10.12,
(DT smaller) Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
0

Coarse pearlite  formed at higher temperatures – relatively soft

Fine pearlite  formed at lower temperatures – relatively hard
25
Generation of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams
Consider:
• The Fe-Fe3C system, for C0 = 0.76 wt% C
• A transformation temperature of 675ºC.
% transformed

100
T = 675ºC
y,

50

0
1 10 2 10 4 time (s)
T(ºC)
Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)

600 Pearlite Adapted from Fig. 10.13,Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.13 adapted from H.
isothermal transformation at 675ºC Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal
500 Transformation and Cooling
Transformation Diagrams, American
Society for Metals, 1977, p. 369.)
400
time (s)
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 26
Austenite-to-Pearlite Isothermal Transformation
• Eutectoid composition, C0 = 0.76 wt% C
• Begin at T > 727ºC
• Rapidly cool to 625ºC
• Hold T (625ºC) constant (isothermal treatment)
T(ºC) Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)

Adapted from Fig.

600 Pearlite 10.14,Callister &
g g Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.14
adapted from H. Boyer
g g g g (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal
Transformation and
500 Cooling Transformation
Diagrams, American
Society for Metals, 1997,
p. 28.)
400

1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
time (s)
27
 Transformations Involving
Noneutectoid Compositions
Consider C = 1.13 wt% C 0
T(ºC) T(ºC)
900 1600
d
A 1400 L

Fe3C (cementite)
800
A TE (727ºC) g +L
+ 1200 g L+Fe3C
700 A C (austenite)
P 1000
A
+ P a g +Fe3C
600
800
727ºC
DT a +Fe3C
500 600

0.022
0.76
1 10 102 103 104 400

1.13
time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)
Adapted from Fig. 10.16,
C, wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 9.24,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Hypereutectoid composition – proeutectoid cementite

28
 Bainite: Another Fe-Fe3C Transformation
• Bainite:
--Product
elongated Fe3C particles in
a-ferrite matrix
-- diffusion controlled Fe3C
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram, (cementite)
C0 = 0.76 wt% C a (ferrite)
800 Austenite (stable)
T(ºC) TE
A
600 P pearlite
100% 5 mm
Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.17 from Metals
100% bainite Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 8, Metallography,
400 B Structures, and Phase Diagrams, American
A Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH,
1973.)

200

10-1 10 103 105

Adapted from Fig. 10.18, time (s)
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
29
 Spheroidite: Another Microstructure for the Fe-Fe3C
System

• Spheroidite: a
-- Fe3C particles within an a-ferrite matrix (ferrite)
-- formation requires diffusion
-- heat bainite or pearlite at temperature Fe3C
just below eutectoid for long times (cementite)
-- driving force – reduction
of a-ferrite/Fe3C interfacial area

60 mm
Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.19 copyright
United States Steel Corporation,
1971.)

30
Martensite: A Nonequilibrium Transformation
Product
• Martensite:
-- g(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
x

60 mm
Fe atom x xpotential
sites x x C atom sites
x Adapted from Fig. 10.20,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

800 Austenite (stable) Martensite needles
T(ºC) TE Austenite
A Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister &
600 P Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.21 courtesy
United States Steel Corporation.)
Adapted from
Fig. 10.22,
Callister & 400
A B • g to martensite (M) transformation..
Rethwisch 8e.
-- is rapid! (diffusionless)
200 M+A
0% -- % transf. depends only on T to
50%
M+A 90% which rapidly cooled
M+A
10-1 10 103 105 time (s) 31
 Martensite
g (FCC)
Formation
a (BCC) + Fe C
slow cooling 3

quench
tempering
M (BCT)

Martensite (M) – single phase

– has body centered tetragonal (BCT)
crystal structure

Diffusionless transformation BCT if C0 > 0.15 wt% C

BCT  few slip planes  hard, brittle

32
Phase Transformations of Alloys

Effect of adding other elements

Change transition temp.

Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, Mn

retard g  a + Fe3C
reaction (and formation of pearlite,
bainite)

Adapted from Fig. 10.23,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
33
 Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagrams

Conversion of isothermal
transformation diagram to
continuous cooling
transformation diagram

Adapted from Fig. 10.25,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Cooling curve

34
Isothermal Heat Treatment Example Problems
On the isothermal transformation diagram for a 0.45 wt% C, Fe-C
alloy, sketch and label the time-temperature paths to produce the
following microstructures:
a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse pearlite
b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
c) 100% martensite
d) 50% martensite and 50% austenite

35
 Solution to Part (a) of Example Problem
a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse pearlite
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
Isothermally treat at ~ 680ºC for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
800 A+a
T (ºC) A
-- all austenite transforms
to proeutectoid a and
A+P
coarse pearlite. 600 P
B
C0  0.022 A+B
Wpearlite  A
0.76  0.022 50%
400
M (start)
0.45  0.022 M (50%)
= = 0.58 M (90%)
0.76  0.022
200

Wa  = 1  0.58 = 0.42
Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
36
 Solution to Part (b) of Example Problem
b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
800 A+a
Isothermally treat at ~ 590ºC T (ºC) A
– 50% of austenite transforms
to fine pearlite. P
A+P
600
B
Then isothermally treat A+B
A
at ~ 470ºC 50%
400
– all remaining austenite M (start)
transforms to bainite. M (50%)
M (90%)
200

Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
37
 Solutions to Parts (c) & (d) of Example Problem
c) 100% martensite – rapidly quench to room temperature
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
d) 50% martensite 800 A
A+a
T (ºC)
& 50% austenite
A+P
-- rapidly quench to 600 P
B
~ 290ºC, hold at this
A+B
temperature A
400 50%
M (start)
M (50%)
M (90%)
d)
200

c)
Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
38
 Mechanical Props: Influence of C Content
Pearlite (med)
Pearlite (med) Cementite
ferrite (soft) (hard)
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, C0 < 0.76 wt% C C0 > 0.76 wt% C Adapted from Fig. 9.33,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Hypoeutectoid Hypereutectoid

TS(MPa) Hypo Hyper %EL Hypo Hyper

1100 80

Impact energy (Izod, ft-lb)

YS(MPa) 100 Adapted from Fig.
10.29, Callister &
900 Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
hardness 10.29 based on data
40
700 from Metals
50 Handbook: Heat
Treating, Vol. 4, 9th
500 ed., V. Masseria
0 (Managing Ed.),
American Society for
300
Metals, 1981, p. 9.)
0
0.76

0.76
0 0.5 0 0.5 1
wt% C wt% C
• Increase C content: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases

39
 Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Coarse Pearlite vs. Spheroidite
Hypo Hyper 90 Hypo Hyper
320 fine
pearlite

Ductility (%RA)
spheroidite
60
Brinell hardness

240 coarse
pearlite
spheroidite
160 30 coarse
pearlite
fine
80 pearlite
0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
wt%C wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.30, Callister &
• Hardness: fine > coarse > spheroidite Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.30 based on
data from Metals Handbook: Heat
• %RA: fine < coarse < spheroidite Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria
(Managing Ed.), American Society for
Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)

40
 Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs. Martensite
Hypo Hyper

600
Brinell hardness

martensite
Adapted from Fig. 10.32,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
400 10.32 adapted from Edgar C.
Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36;
200 and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal,
fine pearlite and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)
0
0 0.5 1
wt% C
• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.

41
Tempered Martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite
• tempered martensite less brittle than martensite
• tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
1800

1600 TS
Adapted from Adapted from Fig.

9 mm
Fig. 10.34, 1400 YS 10.33, Callister &
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
Rethwisch 8e. 10.33 copyright by
(Fig. 10.34 1200 60 United States Steel
adapted from Corporation, 1971.)
Fig. furnished 1000 50
courtesy of %RA %RA
Republic Steel
40
Corporation.) 800 30
200 400 600
Tempering T (ºC)
• tempering produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by a.
• tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
42
 Summary of Possible Transformations
Adapted from
Austenite (g) Fig. 10.36,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
slow moderate rapid
cool cool quench

Pearlite Bainite Martensite

(a + Fe3C layers + a (a + elong. Fe3C particles) (BCT phase
proeutectoid phase) diffusionless
transformation)
Martensite reheat
T Martensite
Strength

Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite (a + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)

General Trends
43
BERBAGAI PROSES PADA BAJA MENGHASILKAN STRUKTUR MIKRO YANG BERBEDA DENGAN
KEKUATAN BERBEDA
Medium Cooling

Cooling Rate, R, is
Change in Temp /
Time °C/s
Slow Cooling

Time in region
indicates amount of
microconstituent!
Fast Cooling

This steel is very

hardenable… 100%
Martensite in ~ 1
minute of cooling!
 CCT DIAGRAM
UNTUK NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION
CONTOH DIAGRAM CCT

Komposisi baja:
0,39C 1,6 Mn 0,21 Si

S = Surface C = Core

49
Summary
• Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
-- the number and types of phases present,
-- the composition of each phase,
-- and the weight fraction of each phase
given the temperature and composition of the system.
• The microstructure of an alloy depends on
-- its composition, and
-- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of
equilibrium.
• Important phase diagram phase transformations include
eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic.

50