Human Body Systems

KYRA SILVANOSE
 Circulatory System
Structures: Heart, blood vessels, blood
Function: The circulatory system transports materials around the body including oxygen and nutrients.
Homeostasis: Make sure body has enough oxygen and nutrients
Disorder:
● The Atrial septal defect (ASD) is often indicated as a hole in the heart, the people who have it were born
with it.
● Symptoms
~ poor appetite ~ poor growth ~ tiredness ~ shortness of breath (lung problems)
● The treatment depends on the size, for teens with a decent sized hole a special implant is placed in the
gap and seals it permanently. This defect affects the circulatory system in a large way, because if there is
a hole in the heart blood will start leaking. If good blood mixes with bad blood than many complications
will occur.
Circulatory System
How does this system work with others:

● Respiratory System - This system works

with the respiratory system because the
respiratory system gets the oxygen and the
circulatory system carries the oxygen with
the blood to different parts of the body.

● Muscular System - The heart is the main

part of the circulatory system, and it is a
muscle. When the heart expands and
contracts it is pumping blood around your
body.
 Respiratory System
Structures: Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, and diaphragm
Function: When you breathe, the respiratory system supplies your body with oxygen. When you
exhale, this system eliminates the carbon dioxide in your body.
Homeostasis: Maintain a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in you body
Disorder:
● Tuberculosis is a disease cause by bacteria that infects your lungs, this bacteria is called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Progressive tuberculosis is when the infection spreads all over the
lungs and other organs.
● Symptoms (when a child develops immunity over a 6- to 10-week period) - progressive
tuberculosis
~ fever ~ low appetite ~ loss of weight ~ fatigue ~cough
● Almost everyone with tuberculosis can be treated with medication, for instance sometimes a few
drugs are prescribed. This disease makes the lungs weaker and if they stop doing their part,
than the body won’t be able to breath, resulting in death.
Respiratory System
How does this system work with others:

● Nervous System - The respiratory system

provides your body with oxygen, and
without oxygen the nervous system
wouldn’t be able to send messages
throughout the body and control your
body’s functions.

● Muscular System - The respiratory system

includes the diaphragm, which is a muscle.
The muscular system helps air come in
and be released by the contractions and
relaxations of the diaphragm.
 Digestive System
Structures: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Function: The digestive system breaks down the food you eat, then absorbs the nutrients from the food that your
body needs.
Homeostasis: Maintain a balance of nutrients
Disorder:
● Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is when stomach acid goes into the esophagus. This happens
because of a muscular valve, connecting the esophagus and the stomach, opens at incorrect times or
shuts the wrong way.
● Symptoms
~ rough or hoarse voice ~ sour acid taste ~ feeling of burping acid into mouth ~
swallowing
trouble ~ feeling of food stuck in throat ~ feeling of choking ~ dry cough ~ bad breath
● Treatment for this disease depends on the condition and how severe it is. Sometimes changing what you
eat and drink can help and sometimes you must take medication. Doctors rarely recommend surgery, only
in very harsh conditions. This affects the digestive system because it can cause perpetual damage to the
Digestive System
How does this system work with others:

● Circulatory System - The nutrients from the

digestive system gets immersed into the
bloodstream. The circulatory system
transports significant nutrients around the
body, as well as ridding the unwanted
materials

● Endocrine System - The endocrine system

regulates body growth and without
nutrients, your body wouldn’t be able to
grow. The digestive system gets nutrients
that help the entire body including the
endocrine system, which uses these
nutrients to have our bodies grow.
Endocrine System
Structures: Pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands
Function: The endocrine system secretes hormones and regulates body growth and development.
Homeostasis: Regulate body growth
Disorder:
● Thyroid disease appears when the thyroid gland doesn’t provide enough hormones the body
needs.
● Symptoms
~ depressed/sluggish ~ slow growth in height ~ muscle weakness ~ hair loss
~ dry skin ~ poor memory ~ concentrating is difficult
● An enlarged thyroid gland is a lump, when it’s large enough to easily see, it is called a goiter.
Treatment of the thyroid disease including the goiter will decrease or control the expansion. If the
thyroid becomes more massive, surgery may be required. Although in most cases surgery isn’t
necessary. The endocrine system helps with growth and thyroid disease may intervene with
physical development for your body.
Endocrine System
How does this system work with others:

● Circulatory System - The endocrine

releases hormones, that is secreted into
blood in the circulatory system. The
circulatory system circulates hormones
that started in the endocrine system.

● Excretory System - The excretory system

gets rid of waste and the endocrine system
helps with growth and hormones. So all of
the waste from the endocrine system goes
to the excretory system where it is
disposed of.
 Nervous System
Structures: Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord; Peripheral Nervous System: sensory organs
and nerves.
Functions: The nervous system controls thinking, senses, and regulates all homeostasis. This system also
controls all of our body’s automatic functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
Homeostasis: Regulates all
Disorder:
● Epilepsy is when electric signals in the brain misfire, because of this seizures occur.
● Things that trigger a seizure in people with epilepsy
~ flashing or bright lights ~ lack of sleep ~ stress ~ overstimulation ~ fever
~ hyperventilation
~certain medications
● A remedy usually involves medications, but sometimes treatments are recommended. On some
patients, doctors inject a device, a vagus nerve stimulator, that sends signals in the neck to
constrain seizures. Having epilepsy affects your daily life, because most people do not want to have
seizures come out of nowhere.
Nervous System
How does this system work with others:

● Integumentary System - The nervous

system regulates all homeostasis, and the
integumentary system regulates body
temperature. For instance, when your body
gets hot, to cool down, you sweat. When
your body gets cold, to warm up, you
shiver. The nervous system tells the
integumentary system to sweat or shiver.

● Muscular System - The nervous system

works with the muscular system by giving
guidance of when to operate and how to
operate an action. Our bodies would not be
able to move without these systems,
because one leads and one does.
Muscular System
Structures: Muscles and tendons
Function: The muscular system gives body shape and aids in movement.
Disorder:
● Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that weakens muscles. People with this condition have
wrong or missing information in their genes that restrict them from constructing required proteins
needed for healthy muscles.
● Diagnosing MD
~ past history ~ family’s health ~ medications being taken ~ allergies
● There is no solution or cure for this defect, but scientists and doctors are attempting to find one.
Fortunately, medicines can help with a few types of muscular dystrophy. Having this is tough
because not being able to move certain body parts can be frustrating and difficult.
Muscular System
How does this system work with others:

● Skeletal System - The muscular system is

connected to the skeletal system. Since
the muscles are attached to the bones,
when a muscle moves, the bone moves
with it, making both systems aid in
movement.

● Digestive System - Muscles help with the

whole process of digestion. They help the
digestive system with moving food and the
muscles surrounding your stomach grind
the food by contracting and relaxing.
Excretory System
Structures: Integumentary (sweat), digestive (poop), respiratory (exhale carbon dioxide), urinary (pee)
Function: The system rids the body of waste.
Homeostasis: Regulates the amount of waste in our bodies
Disorder:
● Hemorrhoids are expanded and bulging blood vessels that are around the anus. Tissues
supporting these vessels get stretched, they end up becoming narrow and thin and bleed. Mild
conditions can heal by broadening your diet with more fiber and fluids. If it is severe to extract
the hemorrhoid a miniature incision is made when you are under anesthesia.
● Symptoms
~ itching around anus ~ pain around anus ~ lumps near anus ~ bleeding
● Having hemorrhoids can be uncomfortable and irritable because you may be swollen around the
anus. By not straining during bowel movements it is less likely to use hemorrhoids, and this way
you don’t have to worry about bleeding or disagreeable feelings.
Excretory System
How does this system work with others:

● Circulatory System - The circulatory

system is the transporter and the excretory
system is the dispose of waste. These
systems work together, because the
circulatory gives the waste to the
excretory, where it is getting rid of.

● Digestive - The waste from the food that

the digestive system breaks down is
disposed of at the excretory system. This
waste exits your body through the
excretory system, and comes out as poop.
Skeletal System
Structures: Bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments
Function: The skeletal system supports and protects, stores calcium, makes red blood cells, and aids
in movement.
Disorder:
● Osteomyelitis is a bone contamination often started by a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus
● Symptoms
~ severe pain in infected bone ~ fever and chills ~ tired or nauseated ~ feel
sick
● Treatment, if severe, is surgery that drains the pus that developed in a hole in the bone, that was
caused by osteomyelitis. If the infection is very mild, some antibiotics will be prescribed.
Osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat, but most teens do recover from it. If this insanitation gets
more harming than the purpose of the bone will be weakened.
Skeletal System
How does this system work with others:

● Circulatory System - Inside our bones, red

blood cells are made which goes into the
bloodstream. The skeletal system also
protects the organs of the circulatory
system, such as the heart.

● Respiratory System - The skeletal system

acts as a support for the framework of the
respiratory system. The movement of the
bones allow an amount of air come in and
out. For example, the rib cage expands to
let oxygen in, and goes back to its normal
size to push out the carbon dioxide.
Lymphatic System (immune)
Structure: Lymph glands, spleen
Function: This system helps our bodies stay healthy by fighting off germs, diseases, micro-organisms.
Homeostasis: Maintains health
Disorder:
● Lupus is a disease where your lymphatic system can’t tell the difference between healthy cells
and germs that cause viruses. The system ends up producing autoantibodies that attack the
normal cells in the body.
● Symptoms
~ specific rashes ~ photosensitivity ~ arthritis ~ kidney problems ~ blood
problems ~ positive ANA test (blood test)
● The most common remedy is to take medicines, some take Tylenol or ibuprofen, and others take
antimalarial drugs. These drugs stop the lymphatic system from creating autoantibodies, but are
very strong, so they are only used when necessary. This disease is harmful because if your
immune system keeps creating autoantibodies then the cells that help your body will start to die
off.
Lymphatic System (immune)
How does this system work with others:

● Endocrine System - The lymphatic system

fights off diseases. The endocrine system
regulates body growth, so when an
infection is in the endocrine system the
immune system fights it off.

● Circulatory System - The lymphatic system

releases cells into the bloodstream that
fight off bacteria that creates infections.
Integumentary System
Structures: Skin and sweat glands, hair and nails
Function: The integumentary system protects, regulates body temperature, sensory response and rids
body of waste.
Homeostasis: Regulates body temperature
Disorder:
● Molluscom Contagiosum is caused because of a virus, that is named the same. The second part
of the name does mean it is contagious. This virus increases in warm and humid places, where
people are tightly packed together.
● Prevention
~ wash hands ~ do not share personal items (clothing, towels) ~ do not share
water
toys at swimming facilities ~ do not scratch bumps or blisters on skin.
● Symptoms
~ bumps with white waxy pus (containing virus)
● Some of these treatments are used to stop further development - removing contagious center
with scalpel or tweezers, removing growths by freezing or scraping them. Sometimes applying
chemical agent or cream, use of medication called cimetidine gets rid of Molluscom
Contagiosum. This disorder is painless, but can be itchy, red, swollen, and sore, and infected
when scratched.
Integumentary System
How does this system work with others:

● Lymphatic System - The immune system

kills the bad bacteria that starts viruses.
The integumentary system helps with this,
because it is the very outer layer, it doesn’t
let bacteria in. The skin provides defense
for bacterias so it isn’t possible for them to
get in.

● Circulatory System - The integumentary

system covers all body systems including
the circulatory system. The bloodstream
transports oxygen and nutrients to the skin,
also removing waste from the skin. It also
helps the integumentary system regulate
body temperature.