Applications - B30 and B90 Applications

Bus Differential
Protection
Applications Using
the GE B30 and B90
Presentation Outline
Introduction to Bus Protection
CT Saturation
GE Multilin Bus Protection Offering
B30 & B90 Application Considerations
Advanced Application Topics
B90 Application Examples
B30 & B90 User Software
Conclusions
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
Page 2
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Introduction to Bus
Protection

Page 3
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Challenges to Bus Zone Protection
• High Fault Current Levels
– Large dynamic forces can place mechanical stress on busbars and result in
physical damage to equipment therefore fast clearing times are required.
– High fault currents can lead to CT saturation, particularly for external faults,
which may lead to mal-operation of the bus protection.
• Mal-Operation of Bus Protections Have Significant Impact
– Loss of customer loads may damage both customer assets as well as
customer perception of the utility.
– System voltage levels and corresponding system stability may be adversely
affected.
• Best Case: Remedial Action Schemes (load shedding)
• Worst Case: Partial or Total System Collapse (wide-spread blackout)
Bus Protection Must be Dependable and Secure, With

Emphasis on Security…
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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Challenges to Bus Zone Protection Continued…
• Many Different Bus Topologies
– Many switchyard configurations possible.
– Many different CT placements possible.
– Single Bus, Double Bus (Single and Double Breaker), Main and Transfer Bus,
Breaker-and-a-Half and hybrids
• Buses may Reconfigure at Any Time
– Different apparatus may be connected/disconnected from a given bus.
– Switching may happen from any number of sources
• Manually from human operator action (e.g. equipment maintenance)
• Automatically from other protections, Wide-Area Special Protections,
Remedial Action Schemes, Auto-Restoration/Auto-Transfer Schemes…
Bus Protection Must Adapt Automatically (No User

Intervention) and in Real-Time, Based on Bus
Configuration…
Page 5
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Re-Configurable Bus Zones
C-3 C-5
NORTH BUS
B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

B-5
CT-1 CT-7
CT-2 B-2 CT-3 B-3 CT-4 B-4 CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
C-1 C-2 C-4
Different Currents May Need to be Added/Removed from

Each Bus Zone Dynamically, Depending on Switch Status.
Page 6
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Bus Zone Protection Techniques
All Bus Zone protections essentially operate based on Kirchoff’s

Law for Currents:
‘The sum of all currents entering a node must equal zero.’
The only variation is on how this is implemented.
• Unrestrained Differential
• Interlocking/Blocking Schemes
• High Impedance Differential
• Low Impedance Percent Differential

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Unrestrained Differential (Overcurrent)
• Differential current created by
physically summing CTs
• CT ratio matching required
(auxiliary CTs)
• External faults may cause CT
saturation, leading to spurious
51 differential currents in the bus
protection
– Intentional time delay added to cope
with CT saturation effects
• Unrestrained differential function
useful for microprocessor-based
protections (check zone)
Intentional Time Delay means No Fast Zone Clearance

Page 8
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Interlocking/Blocking Schemes
• Blocking signals generated by

downstream protections (usually
instantaneous overcurrent)
50 • Simple inst. overcurrent protection
with short intentional time delay
BLOCK
– Need to wait for blocking signals
– Usually inverse timed backup
50 50 50 50 50
provided
• Timed backup may be “tricked” by
slow clearance of downstream
faults.
• Blocking can be done via
communications (e.g GSSE/GOOSE,
dedicated communications)
Technique Limited to Radial Circuits with Negligible Backfeed

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
High Impedance Differential (Overvoltage)
• Operating signal created by
connecting all CT secondaries in
parallel
– CTs must all have the same ratio
– Must have dedicated CTs
• Overvoltage element operates on
59 voltage developed across resistor
connected in secondary circuit
– Requires varistors or AC shorting
relays to limit energy during faults
• Accuracy dependent on secondary
circuit resistance
– Usually requires larger CT cables to
reduce errors » higher cost
Cannot Easily be Applied to Reconfigurable Buses and Offers

no Advanced Functionality (Oscillography, Breaker Fail).
Page 10
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Low Impedance Percent Differential
• Individual currents sampled by protection and summated digitally
– CT ratio matching done internally (no auxiliary CTs)
– Dedicated CTs not necessary
• Additional algorithms improve security of percent differential characteristic
during CT saturation
• Dynamic bus replica allows application to reconfigurable buses
– Done digitally with logic to add/remove current inputs from differential computation
– Switching of CT secondary circuits not required
• Low secondary burdens
• Additional functionality available without additional devices
– Digital oscillography
– Time-stamped event recording
– Breaker Failure
Can be Applied to Reconfigurable Buses and Secure from CT

Saturation, with Additional Useful Functionality.
Page 11
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Microprocessor-Based Differential (Distributed)
• Data Acquisition Units (DAUs)

installed in bays
52 52 52
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
processes all data from DAUs
DAU DAU DAU
• Communications between DAUs
and CPU over fiber using
proprietary protocol
• Sampling synchronisation
between DAUs is required
CU • Perceived less reliable (more
copper
hardware needed)
fiber • Difficult to apply in retrofit
applications

Page 12
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Microprocessor-Based Differential (Centralized)
• All currents applied to a single

52 52 52 central processor
• No communications, external
sampling synchronisation
necessary
• Perceived more reliable (less
hardware needed)
CU • Well suited to both new and
retrofit applications.
copper

Page 13
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Digital Differential Algorithm Goals
• Improve the main differential algorithm operation

– Better filtering
– Faster response
– Better restraint techniques
– Switching transient blocking
• Provide dynamic bus replica for reconfigurable busbars
• Dependably detect CT saturation in a fast and reliable manner, especially
for external faults
• Apply additional security to the main differential algorithm to prevent
incorrect operation
– External faults with CT saturation
– CT secondary circuit trouble (e.g. short circuits)

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation Concepts
• CT saturation depends on a number of factors

– Physical CT characteristics (size, rating, winding resistance, saturation
voltage)
– Connected CT secondary burden (wires + relays)
– Primary current magnitude, DC offset (system X/R)
– Residual flux in CT core
• Actual CT secondary currents may not behave in the same manner
as the ratio (scaled primary) current during faults
• End result is spurious differential current appearing in the
summation of the secondary currents which may cause differential
elements to operate if additional security is not applied

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation
No DC Offset
• Waveform remains fairly
symmetrical
Ratio Current CT Current
With DC Offset
• Waveform starts off being
asymmetrical, then
symmetrical in steady state
Ratio Current CT Current

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation – External Fault with Ideal CTs
differential
t1
t0 restraining
• Fault starts at t0
• Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1
Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch thus produce no
differential current GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
Page 18
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation – External Fault with Actual CTs
differential
t1
t0 restraining
• Fault starts at t0
• Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1
Actual CTs do introduce errors thus produce some differential
current (without CT saturation) GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation – External Fault with CT Saturation
t2
differential
t1
t0 restraining
• Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1
• CT fully saturated at t2
CT saturation causes increasing differential current that
may enter the differential element operate region.
Page 20
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Some Methods of Securing Bus Differential
• Block the bus differential for a period of time (intentional delay)
– Increases security as bus zone will not trip when CT saturation is present
– Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation or evolving
faults
• Change settings of the percent differential characteristic (usually
Slope 2)
– Improves security of differential element by increasing the amount of spurious
differential current needed to incorrectly trip
– Difficult to explicitly develop settings (Is 60% slope enough? Should it be 75%?)
• Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision
– Improves security by requiring all currents flow into the bus zone before
asserting the differential element
– Easy to implement and test
– Stable even under severe CT saturation during external faults

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
GE Multilin Bus
Protection Offering

Page 22
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
GE Multilin Bus Differential Relays
• High Impedance Differential
– PVD (Electromechanical)
– MIB II (single function digital relay)
– HID (high impedance module for UR-series)
• Solid-State Bus Differential
– BUS1000/2000
• Low Impedance Digital Differential
– B30
– B90
• Both the B30 and B90 have a great deal in common, but
do have some significant differences as well
Page 23
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B30 & B90 – What is the Same
• Both are members of the Universal Relay (UR) family

– Common hardware & software
– Common added features
– Common communications interfaces & protocols
– User Programmable Logic (FlexLogic™)
• High Performance
– Typical Response Time: 12 msec + output contact
– Max. Response Time: 16 msec + output contact
– Secure for external faults with severe CT saturation
• Both use the same proven algorithms for ratio compensation, dynamic bus
replication, differential calculations, CT saturation detection and differential
element security
Proven Hardware. Proven Algorithms.

Page 24
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B30 & B90 – What is Different
• B30 provides three-phase bus differential protection in a single hardware
chassis
– All three phase currents from all feeders are connected to a single chassis with multiple
DSPs (1 zone), with phase segregation done in software only.
– Limited to 6 three-phase current sources (or five current sources and one three-phase
voltage source)
– Up to six breaker failure elements included
• B90 provides hardware-segregated bus differential protection in one or
more hardware chassis
– DSP modules configured for up to 8 currents (7 currents & 1 voltage) for a single phase
– Phase segregation by hardware and software configuration
– Minimum configuration: 8 feeders in a single chassis with three DSP modules (4 zones)
– Maximum configuration: 24 feeders in three chassis, each with 3 DSPs (4 zones)
– Additional I/O, additional Logic, optional breaker failure available
B30 – Cost effective protection & metering.

B90 – Comprehensive and scalable protection.
Page 25
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Configuring the Bus Differential Zone
Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of the Differential

Protection and CT Trouble Monitoring.
1. Configure the physical CT Inputs

– CT Primary and Secondary values
– Both 5 A and 1 A inputs are supported by the UR hardware
– Ratio compensation done automatically for CT ratio differences up to 32:1
2. Configure AC Signal Sources (B30 only)
3. Configure Bus Zone with Dynamic Bus Replica

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
The Dynamic Bus (Example 1)
C-3 C-5
NORTH BUS
B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

B-5
CT-1 CT-2 B-2 CT-4 B-4 CT-7

CT-3 B-3
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
C-1 C-2 C-4

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
The Dynamic Bus Replica – B30 Configuration
(Example 1)
Bus Zone Source A CT-1
Bus Zone Status A On (Always Included in Bus Zone)
Bus Zone Source B CT-2
Bus Zone Status B S-1 (Only Included in Bus Zone if S-1 Closed)
Bus Zone Source C CT-3
Bus Zone Status C S-3
Bus Zone Source D CT-4
Bus Zone Status D S-5
Bus Zone Source E CT-5
Bus Zone Status E On
Bus Zone Source F CT-8
Bus Zone Status F On

Page 28
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Summing External Currents
Not Recommended
CT-1
• Relay becomes combination of
restrained and unrestrained
elements
CT-2
•In order to parallel CTs:
• CT performance must be closely
I1 = Error
CT-3
matched
– Any errors will appear as
differential currents
I2 = 0
CT-4
• Associated feeders must be

radial
I3 = 0
IDIFF = Error Maloperation if

IREST = Error Error > PICKUP – No backfeeds possible
• Pickup setting must be raised to
accommodate any errors
Page 29
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Bus Differential Block Diagram

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Definitions of Restraint Signals
iR  i1  i2  i3  ... in “sum of”
iR   i1  i2  i3  ...  in 
1
“scaled sum of”
n
iR  n i1  i2  i3  ...  in “geometrical average”
iR  Max  i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in  “maximum of”

Page 31
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
“Sum Of” Versus “Max Of” Restraint Methods
“Sum Of” Approach “Max Of” Approach
• More restraint on external faults; • Less restraint on external faults;
less sensitive for internal faults more sensitive for internal faults
• “Scaled-Sum Of” approach takes • Breakpoint settings for the percent
into account number of connected differential characteristic easier to
circuits and may increase set
sensitivity • Better handles situation where one
• Breakpoint settings for the percent CT may saturate completely (99%
differential characteristic more slope settings possible)
difficult to set
B30, B90 (and UR in General) Use the “Max Of” Definition for
Restraint Quantities.
Page 32
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Bus Differential Adaptive Approach
Region 2
(high differential
currents)
differential
Region 1
(low differential
currents)
restraining

Page 33
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Bus Differential Adaptive Logic Diagram
DIFL
AND
DIR
OR
OR
87B BIASED OP
SAT
AND
DIFH

Page 34
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Phase Comparison Principle
• Internal Faults: All fault (“large”) currents are approximately in phase.
• External Faults: One fault (“large”) current will be out of phase
Secondary Current of
Faulted Circuit
• No Voltages are required or needed (Severe CT Saturation)

Page 35
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Phase Comparison Principle Continued…
External Fault Conditions Internal Fault Conditions
 Ip   Ip 
imag   imag  
 ID  I p  OPERATE  ID  I p 
    OPERATE
BLOCK BLOCK
 Ip   Ip 
ID - Ip real   ID - Ip real  
Ip  ID  I p   ID  I p 
   
Ip
BLOCK
BLOCK
OPERATE OPERATE

Page 36
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation Redux
t2
differential
t1
t0 restraining
• Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1
• CT fully saturated at t2

Page 37
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation Detector State Machine
NORMAL
SAT := 0
The differential
current below the saturation
first slope for condition
certain period of
time EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential-
The differential restraining trajectory
characteristic out of the differential
entered characteristic for
certain period of time
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1

Page 38
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation Detector Operating Principles
• The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during internal faults,
regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate.
• The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during external faults, regardless
of whether or not any of the CTs saturate.
• By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the relay to use the
additional 87B DIR phase comparison for Region 2
The Saturation Detector WILL NOT Block the Operation of the

Differential Element – it will only Force 2-out-of-2 Operation

Page 39
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation Detector - Examples
• The oscillography records on the next two slides were
captured from a B30 relay under test on a real-time digital
power system simulator
• First slide shows an external fault with deep CT saturation
(~1.5 msec of good CT performance)
– SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to BIASED PKP bus
differential pickup
– DIR directional flag does not assert (one current flows out of zone), so
even though bus differential picks up, no trip results
• Second slide shows an internal fault with mild CT saturation
– BIASED PKP and BIASED OP both assert before DIR asserts
– CT saturation does not block bus differential
• More examples available (COMTRADE files) upon request
Page 40
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation Example – External Fault
200
150
100 ~1 ms
50
current, A
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
time, sec
The bus differential The CT saturation flag

protection element is set safely before the
picks up due to heavy pickup flag
CT saturation
Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
The element is seen in the
The opposite direction
does not
directional flag
maloperate
is not set

Page 41
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
CT Saturation – Internal Fault Example
The bus differential

protection element
picks up
The saturation
flag is not set - no
directional
decision required
All the fault currents

are seen in one
direction
The
The element directional
operates in flag is set
10ms

Page 42
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Digital Phase-Segregated Bus Differential
• Phase-segregated multi-IED
Phase A
n·iA, vA TRIPA protection system
Protection
• Large number of AC inputs, digital
n· iB, Phase B inputs and outputs possible
TRIPB
vB Protection • Digital communications between
IEDs allow sharing digital states
n· iC, Phase C • Expanded Oscillography, Event
TRIPC
vC Protection Recording, Programmable Logic
Isolator
Monitoring,
Bkr. Fail

Page 43
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Architecture
B90 #1 Phase A Protection
COMMS
CPU
PS
DSP
DSP
DSP
I/O
I/O
I/O
phase A currents & voltages • Phase-segregated multi-IED protection
phase A trip contacts
system built on UR platform
B90 #2 Phase B Protection
• Up to 24 AC Inputs per chassis
COMMS
CPU
DSP
DSP
DSP
I/O
I/O
I/O
PS
– Up to 24 single phase currents

– 12 single phase currents & 12 single
fiber, ring configuration

phase B currents & voltages
phase voltages per chassis
phase B trip contacts
• Variety of digital inputs and output

B90 #3 Phase C Protection
contacts available via modular
COMMS
CPU
DSP
DSP
DSP
configuration
PS
I/O
I/O
I/O
phase C currents & voltages

• Digital communications between IEDs for
phase C trip contacts sharing digital states
UR #4 Bus Replica & Breaker Fail
COMMS
CPU
PS
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O

Page 44
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Components: Protection
• Up to 24 AC inputs per chassis with 3 DSP

8 AC single-phase inputs
Other UR-based IEDs

modules
• Up to 3 digital I/O modules per chassis
for contact outputs and digital inputs
• Analog signal processing: Differential
calculations, IOC, TOC, UV, BF current
supervision
Power Supply
Comms
DSP 1
DSP 2
DSP 3
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
Three-phase protection for busbars with up to 8 feeders or

single-phase protection for busbars with up to 24 feeders.
Page 45
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Components: Logic
• Up to 96 digital inputs or
Other UR-based IEDs

• Up to 48 output contacts or
• Any combination of the above.
• Up to 24 breaker failures for the
associated bus zone
• Logic processing: Breaker Failure logic
Power Supply
and timers, isolator monitoring and

Comms
alarming for dynamic bus replication

CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O

Page 46
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Architecture for Large Busbars
Dual (redundant) fiber with
3msec delivery time between
neighbouring IEDs. Up to 8
B90s/URs in the ring
Phase A AC signals and

trip contacts
Phase B AC signals and Phase C AC signals and

trip contacts trip contacts
Digital Inputs for isolator

monitoring and BF

Page 47
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Architecture – Dynamic Bus Replica and Isolator
Position
Phase A AC signals wired

here, bus replica configured
here
Phase B AC signals wired Phase C AC signals wired

here, bus replica configured here, bus replica configured
here here
Up to 96 auxuliary switches
wired here; Isolator Monitoring
function configured here
Page 48
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Architecture – BF Initiation & Current Supervision

here, current status
monitored here

here, current status here, current status
monitored here monitored here
Up to 24 BF
elements configured
here
Page 49
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Architecture – Breaker Failure Tripping
Trip

here, current status Trip
Trip monitored here

here, current status here, current status
monitored here monitored here
Trip
Breaker Fail Op command

generated here and send to trip
appropriate breakers
Page 50
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Applications for Large Busbars
ZONE 1
B90-A
B90-B
1 2 3 23 24
B90-C
Single Bus Single Breaker
B90-A
ZONE 1
B90-B
ZONE 2
B90-C
23 24
B90-Logic
1 2 3 21 22
Double Bus Single Breaker

Page 51
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Applications for Large Busbars Continued
ZONE 2
ZONE 1 23 24 B90-A
B90-B
1 2 11 12 13 22
B90-C
Single Bus Single Breaker with Bus Tie
ZONE 1
B90-A
B90-B
1 3 21 23
B90-C
2 4 22 24
ZONE 2
Double Bus Double Breaker

Page 52
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B30 & B90 Application
Considerations

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Applying the B30 or B90 for Busbar Protection
Basic Topics
• Configure physical CT Inputs
• Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
• Calculating Bus Differential Element settings
Advanced Topics
• Isolator Monitoring
• More on Dynamic Bus Replica – Blind Spots & End Fault
Protection
• Differential Zone CT Trouble
• Additional Security for the Bus Differential Zone
• B90 Application Example
Page 54
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Configuring CT Inputs
• For each connected CT circuit enter Primary rating and select

Secondary rating.
• For the B30, each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be assigned to a
Signal Source (SRC1 through SRC6) which are then assigned to the
Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
• For the B90, the CT channels are assigned directly to the Bus Zone
and Dynamic Bus Replica (no Signal Sources)
Both the B30 and B90 define 1 p.u. as the maximum

primary current of all of the CTs connected in the given
Bus Zone
Page 55
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Per-Unit Current Definition - Example
DSP Channel Primary Secondary Zone

CT-1 F1 3200 A 1A 1
CT-2 F2 2400 A 5A 1
CT-3 F3 1200 A 1A 1
CT-4 F4 3200 A 1A 2
CT-5 F5 1200 A 5A 2
CT-6 F6 5000 A 5A 2
• For Zone 1, 1 p.u. = 3200 Apri

• For Zone 2, 1 p.u. = 5000 A pri

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Configuration of Bus Zone (Dynamic Bus Replica)
• Dynamic Bus Replica associates a status signal with each current in
the Bus Differential Zone
• Status signal can be any FlexLogic™ operand
– Status signals can be developed in FlexLogic™ to provide additional
checks or security as required
– Status signal can be set to ‘ON’ if current is always in the bus zone or
‘OFF’ if current is never in the bus zone
• For the B30, each Signal Source (SRC1 – SRC6) must be assigned a
status signal to be included in the three-phase Bus Zone
• For the B90, the CT channels are assigned status inputs directly in
the respective Bus Zone(s) and the CT direction must also be
configured for all current inputs in each bus zone
• In or Out, depending on CT polarity

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Bus Differential Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Low
Breakpoint GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
Page 58
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Bus Differential Settings
• The following Bus Zone Differential element parameters need to be
set:
– Differential Pickup
– Restraint Low Slope
– Restraint Low Break Point
– Restraint High Breakpoint
– Restraint High Slope
– Differential High Set (if needed)
• All settings entered in Per-Unit (maximum CT primary in the zone)
• Slope settings entered in percent
• Low Slope, High Slope and High Breakpoint settings are used by the
CT Saturation Detector and define the Region 1 Area (2-out-of-2
operation with Directional)

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Bus Differential Settings - Pickup
• Defines the minimum differential current required for operation of

the Bus Zone Differential element
• Must be set above maximum leakage current not zoned off in the
bus differential zone (VTs for example)
• May also be set above maximum load conditions for added security
in case of CT trouble, but better alternatives exist
• Range: 0.050 p.u. to 2.000 p.u. in 0.001 p.u. increments

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Bus Differential Settings – Low Slope
• Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents from IREST=0 to
IREST=Low Breakpoint
• Setting determines the sensitivity of the differential element for low-
current internal faults
• Must be set above maximum error introduced by the CTs in their
normal linear operating mode
• Range: 15% to 100% in 1%. increments

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Bus Differential Settings – Low Breakpoint
• Defines the upper limit to restraint currents that will be biased

according to the Low Slope setting
• Should be set to be above the maximum load but not more than the
maximum current where the CTs still operate linearly (including
residual flux)
• Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no significant
saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to the Low Breakpoint
setting
• Range: 1.00 to 4.00 p.u. in 0.01 p.u. increments

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Bus Differential Settings – High
Breakpoint
• Defines the minimum restraint currents that will be biased

according to the High Slope setting
• Should be set to be below the minimum current where the weakest
CT will saturate with no residual flux
• Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no significant
saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to the Low Breakpoint
setting

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Bus Differential Settings – High Slope
• Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents IRESTHigh

Breakpoint
• Setting determines the stability of the differential element for high
current external faults
• Traditionally, should be set high enough to accommodate the
spurious differential current resulting from saturation of the CTs
during heavy external faults
• Setting can be relaxed in favour of sensitivity and speed as the
relay detects CT saturation and applies the directional principle
to prevent maloperation
• Range: 50% to 100% in 1%. increments

Page 64
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Calculating Unrestrained Bus Differential Settings
• Defines the minimum differential current for unrestrained operation

• Should be set to be above the maximum differential current under
worst case CT saturation
• Can be effectively disabled by setting to 99.99 p.u.

Page 65
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Advanced Topics

Page 66
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Advanced Topics
• Isolators and Isolator Monitoring
• More on Dynamic Bus Replicas
– Blind Spots
– End Fault Protection
• Differential Zone CT Trouble
• Additional Security for the Bus Differential Zone
– External Check Zone
– Undervoltage Supervision
– Overcurrent Supervision
• B90 Application Examples

Page 67
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Isolators
• Reliable “Isolator Closed” signals are needed for the Dynamic Bus
Replica
• In simple applications, a single normally closed contact may be
sufficient
• For maximum safety:
– Both N.O. and N.C. contacts should be used
– Isolator Alarm should be established and non-valid combinations (open-open,
closed-closed) should be sorted out
– Switching operations should be inhibited until bus image is recognized with
100% accuracy
– Optionally block 87B operation from Isolator Alarm
• Each isolator position signal decides:
– Whether or not the associated current is to be included in the differential
calculations
– Whether or not the associated breaker is to be tripped
Page 68
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Isolator – Typical Open/Closed Connections

Page 69
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Full-Featured Isolator Monitoring
Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Alarm Block Switching
Open Aux. Closed Aux. Position
Contact Contact
Off On CLOSED No No
Off Off LAST VALID After time delay Until isolator
On On CLOSED until reset position valid
On Off OPEN No No
• For the B30, this needs to be implemented using FlexLogic™

• For the B90 (Logic), there are 48 dedicated Isolator Position
monitoring elements

Page 70
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Switching An Isolator – Closing Sequence

Page 71
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Isolator Monitoring Scheme – B90

Page 72
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Dynamic Bus Replica – Changing the Bus Zone
Bus Tie Breaker with Two CTs
Z1 TB Z2
• Overlapping zones – no blind spots

• Both zones trip the Tie-Breaker
• No special treatment of the TB required in terms of its status
for Dynamic Bus Replica (treat as regular breaker)

Page 73
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Bus Tie Breaker with Single CTs
Z1 TB Z2
• Both zones trip the Tie-Breaker

• Blind spot between the TB and the CT
• Fault between TB and CT is external to Z2
• Z1: no special treatment of the TB required (treat as regular CB)
• Z2: special treatment of the TB status required:
– The CT must be excluded from calculations after the TB is opened
– Z2 gets extended (opened entirely) onto the TB
Page 74
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
expand
Z1 TB Z2
• Sequence of events:
1. Z1 trips and the TB gets opened
2. After a time delay the current from the CT shall be removed
from Z2 calculations
3. As a result Z2 gets extended up to the opened TB
4. The Fault becomes internal for Z2
5. Z2 trips finally clearing the fault

Page 75
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Blind spot for
CT bus protection
CB
• Blind spot exists between the CB and CT

• CB is going to be tripped by line protection
• After the CB gets opened, the current shall be removed from
differential calculations (expanding the differential zone up to the
opened CB)
• Identical to the Single-CT Tie-Breaker
Page 76
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
“Over-trip” spot for

CB bus protection
contract
CT
• “Over-trip” spot between the CB and CT when the CB is opened

• When the CB opens, the current shall be removed from differential
calculations (contracting the differential zone up to the opened CB)
• Identical as for the Single-CT Tie-Breaker, but…

Page 77
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Blind spot for

CB bus protection
CT
• but…
• A blind spot created by contracting the bus differential zone
• End Fault Protection required to trip remote end circuit breaker(s)

Page 78
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
End Fault Protection (EFP)
• Instantaneous overcurrent element enabled when the associated

CB is open to cover the blind spot between the CB and line-side CT
• Pickup delay should be long enough to ride-through the ramp down
of current interruption (1.3 cycles maximum)
• EFP inhibited from circuit breaker manual close command
• For the B30, the End Fault Protections need to be implemented

using FlexLogic™
• For the B90, there are 24 dedicated End Fault Protection elements

Page 79
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
End Fault Protection – B90 EFP Element Logic
SETTING
B90 FUNCTION:
Logic = 0
Protection = 1
SETTING
EFP 1 FUNCTION:
(2) Excessive current …
Disabled = 0
AND
Enabled = 1
SETTING
EFP 1 BLOCK:
Off = 0
SETTING
(3) Causes the EFP to
EFP 1 PICKUP:
operate
RUN
SETTING
EFP 1 CT:
Current Magnitude, |I| | I | > PICKUP
SETTING
SETTING EFP 1 PICKUP DELAY:
EFP 1 MANUAL CLOSE: FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
tPKP
AND
Off = 0 EFP 1 OP
0
SETTINGS EFP 1 DPO
SETTING EFP 1 BRK DELAY: EFP PKP
EFP 1 BREAKER OPEN:
tPKP
Off = 0
0
(1) The EFP gets armed after the

breaker is open

Page 80
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
End Fault Protection – Special Consideration
BUS SECTION
TRANSFER BUS
CB BYPASS
selective
"dead-zone"
only if the
isolator is open
• High currents may not be caused by a fault in the EFP “dead zone”
• With By-pass Isolator closed, a fault on the transfer bus will cause
current to flow through the EFP CT
• EFP element must be disabled (Blocked) when the By-pass Isolator is
closed.
Page 81
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Differential Zone CT Trouble
• Each Bus Differential Zone (1 for the B30, 4 for the B90) has a
dedicated CT Trouble Monitor
• Definite Time Delay overcurrent element operating on the zone
differential current, based on the configured Dynamic Bus Replica
• Three strategies to deal with CT problems:
1. Trip the bus zone as the problem with a CT will likely evolve into a bus
fault anyway
2. Do not trip the bus, raise an alarm and try to correct the problem
manually
3. Switch to setting group with 87B minimum pickup setting above the
maximum load current.

Page 82
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Differential Zone CT Trouble
• Strategies 2 and 3 can be accomplished by:

– Using undervoltage supervision to ride through the period from the
beginning of the problem with a CT until declaring a CT trouble
condition
– Using an external check zone to supervise the 87B function
– Using CT Trouble to prevent the Bus Differential tripping (2)
– Using setting groups to increase the pickup value for the 87B
function (3)
• DO NOT use the Bus Differential element BLOCK input:

– The element traces trajectory of the differential-restraining point for
CT saturation detection and therefore must not be turned on and off
dynamically
– Supervise the trip output operand of the 87B in FlexLogic™ instead

Page 83
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Differential Zone CT Trouble – Strategy #2 Example
87B operates
Undervoltage condition
CT OK
• CT Trouble operand is used to rise an alarm

• The 87B trip is inhibited after CT Trouble element
operates
• The relay may misoperate if an external fault occurs
after CT trouble but before the CT trouble condition is
declared (double-contingency)

Page 84
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Additional Security for The Bus Differential Zone
• No matter how high the reliability, any relay may fail. For bus
applications, any MTBF will never be high enough
• Consider securing the application against reasonable contingencies
– CT problems, AC wiring problem
– Problems with aux. switches for breakers, isolators
– DC wiring problems involving the Dynamic Bus Replica
– Failure of relay hardware (single current input channel, single digital
input)
• Security above and beyond inherent security mechanisms in the
B30/B90
– CT Saturation Detector
– Directional (Phase) Comparison
– Isolator monitoring

Page 85
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
External Check Zone
Principle: Guards against:
• Develop an independent copy of the • CT problems
differential current for the entire bus • AC wiring problems
regardless of dynamic zones for
• Problems with aux switches for
individual bus sections
breakers and disconnectors
• Use the check zone to supervise the
• DC wiring problems for dynamic bus
tripping zone(-s)
replica
• Use independent CTs / CT cores if
• Failures of current inputs
possible to guard against CT and
wiring problems
• Use independent relay current inputs
to guard against relay problems
• Alarm on spurious differential

Page 86
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Application of the External Check Zone to the B30
• With only six 3-phase inputs the B30 handles 1 zone of
protection
• Actual (tripping) zone shall be configured to reflect dynamic
image of the bus
• External check zone can be configured in some
circumstances as an unrestrained zone that (ideally) uses
separate CTs or CT cores
• An IOC function may be configured if needed to operate on
the externally summated currents
– For external zone identical CT ratios or matching transformers are
required
– Make use of three ground CT inputs (IG) and Ground IOC or unused 3-
phase bank & Phase IOC elements to provide check zone

Page 87
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Application of the External Check Zone to the B30 -
Example RED BUS
BLUE BUS
All isolators
All breakers
All currents
BLUE B30 RED B30

Page 88
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
87B phase A supervised by IOC1
phase A; the IOC responds to the
externally formed differential
current
Three-phase trip command

Page 89
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
to B90-C to B90-C
B1a B2b a b a b b c b c
Digital Input Digital Input
B90-A
OR
Critifal Failure
AND
TRIP A
BUS DIF 1 BUS DIF 4
Version 1 (TRIPPING (SUPERVISING
PHASE A) PHASE C)
• Use two different CTs / CT
cores
DSP, Slot F DSP, Slot L DSP, SSot S
F1c F1b F2c F2b ... F8c F8b L1c L1b L2c L2b ... L8c L8b S1c S1b S2c S2b ... S8c S8b
• Place the supervising zone in

a different chassis Phase A from
phase-C CT
• Strong security bias,

practically a 2-out-of-2 from B90-C
independent relay scheme

B90-B
• Use fail-safe output to
OR
Critifal Failure
substitute for the permission
AND
TRIP B
BUS DIF 1 BUS DIF 4
if the supervising relay fails / (TRIPPING
PHASE B)
(SUPERVISING
PHASE A)
is taken out of service
Phase B
to B90-C

Page 90
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
b c
B90-A
TRIP A
BUS DIF 1 BUS DIF 4
(TRIPPING AND (SUPERVISING
PHASE A) PHASE A)

Phase A
Version 2
• Use two different CTs / CT cores
• Place the supervising zone in the same chassis, different DSP module
• Strong security bias, almost 2-out-of-2 independent relay scheme
• Simpler panel wiring compared with version 1 (No inter chassis wiring needed)

Page 91
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
to B90-C to B90-C
B90-A
OR
Critifal Failure
AND
TRIP A
BUS DIF 1 BUS DIF 4
Version 3 (TRIPPING
PHASE A)
(SUPERVISING
PHASE C)
• Use a single CT (simpler DSP, Slot F DSP, Slot L DSP, SSot S
wiring) F1c F1b F2c F2b ... F8c F8b L1c L1b L2c L2b ... L8c L8b S1c S1b S2c S2b ... S8c S8b
• Place the supervising zone in Phase A from

a different chassis phase-C CT
• Guards against relay from B90-C

problems and bus replica B1a B2b a b a b b c b c
B90-B
problems
OR
Critifal Failure
• Use fail-safe output to
AND
TRIP B
BUS DIF 1 BUS DIF 4
substitute for the permission (TRIPPING (SUPERVISING
if the supervising relay fails / PHASE B) PHASE A)
is taken out of service DSP, Slot F DSP, Slot L DSP, SSot S

Phase B
to B90-C

Page 92
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
b c
B90-A
TRIP A
BUS DIF 1 BUS DIF 4
(TRIPPING AND (SUPERVISING
PHASE A) PHASE A)

Phase A
Version 4
• Use a single CT
• Place the supervising zone in the same chassis, different DSP module
• Guards against relay problems and bus replica problems
• No inter chassis wiring needed

Page 93
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Undervoltage Supervision
• Supervise all differential trips with • CT problems
undervoltage • AC wiring problems
• Set high (0.85-0.90pu) for speed and • Problems with aux switches for
sensitivity breakers and disconnectors
• Need 3 UV elements per bus per phase • DC wiring problems for dynamic bus
(undervoltage functions AG, AB, CA replica
supervise differential trip for phase A)
• Alarm on spurious differential

Page 94
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Application of Undervoltage Supervision to the B90
to B90-C to B90-C
B90-A
OR
Critifal Failure
OR
AND
Version 1
TRIP A
BUS DIF 1
(TRIPPING UV-1 UV-2 UV-3
• Place the supervising voltage PHASE A)
inputs in a different chassis DSP, Slot F DSP, Slot L DSP, SSot S
• Guards against relay

F1c F1b F2c F2b ... F8c F8b L1c L1b L2c L2b ... L8c L8b ... S6a S6c S7a S7c S8a S8c
problems and bus replica

Phase A
problems VCG VBC VCA
• Does not need any extra ac

current wiring from B90-C
• Use fail-safe output to Digital Input Digital Input

B90-B
substitute for the permission
OR
Critifal Failure
if the supervising relay fails / OR
AND
TRIP B
BUS DIF 1
is taken out of service (TRIPPING UV-1 UV-2 UV-3
PHASE B)

Phase B VAG VAB VCA

Page 95
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Application of Undervoltage Supervision to the B90
b c
B90-A
TRIP A
OR
BUS DIF 1
(TRIPPING AND UV-1 UV-2 UV-3
PHASE A)

Phase A VAG VAB VCA
Version 2
• Place the supervising voltage inputs in the same chassis
• Guards against relay problems and bus replica problems
• Does not need any extra ac current wiring
• No inter chassis wiring needed

Page 96
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Overcurrent Supervision
• Supervise trips to breakers with OC • CT problems
condition set above maximum load • AC wiring problems
• Loads will not get tripped; facilitates • Problems with aux switches for
bus transfer applications breakers and disconnectors
• With a single CT / wiring / relay input • DC wiring problems for dynamic bus
problem, only up to one breaker will replica
get tripped, not the entire bus
• Danger that very weak sources
• Typically, no trip will occur on CT and
feeding a bus fault will not get tripped,
wiring problems
solution possible via logic
• A single CB may get tripped on specific
relay problems (sees spuriously high
current)

Page 97
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Application of Overcurrent Supervision to the B90
Trip Trip Trip
CB-1 CB-2 CB-8
b c b c b c
B90-A
AND AND AND BUS DIF 1

(TRIPPING
PHASE A)
OC-1 OC-2 OC-8

Phase A, CB-1
Phase A, CB-2
Version 1
• Use the same relay inputs as for the main differential, otherwise check zone should be used
as a better solution
• Does not need any extra ac current wiring

Page 98
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Version 2
• Select strong sources and wire them to different
DSPs IOC1 PKP
2 out of 4
• Use k-out-of-N (2-out-of-3, for example) to
DIF
IOC3 PKP
IOC7 PKP
facilitate trips on weak sources IOC8 PKP
• A given breaker gets tripped if it is sees a high IOC1 PKP
OR
AND
current, or any k out of N strong sources see high
TRIP CB1
currents IOC2 PKP
OR
AND
TRIP CB2
IOC3 PKP
OR
AND
TRIP CB3
OC-1 OC-2 OC-3 OC-4 IOC4 PKP
OR
AND
TRIP CB4
...
...
OC-5 OC-6 OC-7 OC-8 IOC8 PKP
OR
AND
TRIP CB8
Strong Weak, or Load

Page 99
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Version 3
• Select strong sources and wire them to different DSPs
• Use k-out-of-N (2-out-of-3, for example) to facilitate
trips on weak sources
• A given breaker gets tripped if any k out of N strong
sources see high currents
• In this example, 2 current inputs would have to fail IOC1 PKP
2 out of 4
“high” to cause misoperation IOC3 PKP
IOC7 PKP
AND
IOC8 PKP TRIP ALL CBs
DIF
OC-1 OC-2 OC-3 OC-4
OC-5 OC-6 OC-7 OC-8
Strong Weak, or Load

Page 100
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Application
Examples

Page 101
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Reconfigurable Bus
ZONE 3=CHECK ZONE
L7
CB1-2
ISO31
L8
ZONE 1=BUS1
ISO32
ZONE 2=BUS2
ISO10
ISO11
ISO13
ISO14
ISO16
ISO17
ISO19
ISO20
ISO22
ISO23
ISO25
ISO26
ISO28
ISO29
ISO1
ISO2
IOS4
ISO5
ISO7
ISO8
CB1 CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CB6 CB7 CB8 CB9 CB10
ISO12
ISO15
ISO18
ISO21
ISO24
ISO27
ISO30
ISO3
ISO6
ISO9
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 L1 L2
•Double bus, single breaker with bus-tie

•10 feeders with single CT
•Circuit breaker bypass switches per feeder CB
•Current inclusion in bus zone depends on isolator switch position (ISO x)
Page 102
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Architecture
Rx Tx
Phase A AC signals
and trip contacts
Phase B AC signals
and trip contacts
Direct I/O Ring (Ch. 2)

Direct I/O Ring (Ch. 1)
Phase C AC signals
and trip contacts
Digital Inputs for

isolators and
breakers monitoring
Breaker Failure
inputs and outputs
Tx Rx

Page 103
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Dynamic Bus Replica Logic
INCLUSION OF FEEDER CTs INTO BUS 1(ZONE 1), OR BUS 2(ZONE 2) PROTECTION

Page 104
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 – Bus Zone Definitions (Dynamic Bus Replica)
DIFFERENTIAL ZONE 1 (BUS 1)
Differential current: Id = F1 + F3 + F8 + L2 + L8
Restraint current: Ir = max(F1, F3, F8, L2, L8)
DIFFERENTIAL ZONE 2 (BUS 2)
Differential current: Id = F2 + F4 + F5 +F6 +F7 +L1 + L7

Restraint current: Ir = max(F2, F4, F5, F6, F7, L1, L7)
DIFFERENTIAL ZONE 3 (CHECK ZONE = BUS 1 + BUS 2)

Differential current: Id = F1 +F2 + F3 +F4 +F5 +F6 +F7 + F8 + L1 +L2 +
+ (L7 OR L8) WHEN FEEDER CT BY-PASSED
Restraint current: Ir = max(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, L1, L2,
(L7 OR L8) WHEN FEEDER CT BY-PASSED)
Page 105
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 – Direct I/O Communications Configuration
B90-1 A PHASE
B90-5 BKR FAIL
B90-2 B PHASE
B90-3 C PHASE
B90-4 STATUS Isolators and breakers

positions
Fiber Optic
channels
Direct outputs on IED4
Direct inputs on IED1, 2, and 3
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
Differential zones
configuration on
IED1, 2, and 3

Page 106
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – AG Fault on Bus 1
ZONE 3=CHECK ZONE

L7
CB1-2
ISO31
L8
ZONE 1=BUS1
ISO32
ZONE 2=BUS2
ISO10
ISO11
ISO13
ISO14
ISO16
ISO17
ISO19
ISO20
ISO22
ISO23
ISO25
ISO26
ISO28
ISO29
ISO1
ISO2
IOS4
ISO5
ISO7
ISO8
CB1 CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CB6 CB7 CB8 CB9 CB10
ISO12
ISO15
ISO18
ISO21
ISO24
ISO27
ISO30
ISO3
ISO6
ISO9
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 L1 L2

Page 107
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – AG Fault on Bus 1 Trip Logic
AG Undervoltage
AB Undervoltage * BF Trip Zone1

TIMER
* CA Undervoltage 80ms Trip Zone1 87B or
Trip 87B Zone1 BF
BUS1 OP
BUS3 BIASED PKP
AG Undervoltage
AG Undervoltage BF Trip Zone2

TIMER
AG Undervoltage 80ms Trip Zone2 87B or
Trip 87B Zone2 BF
BUS2 OP
BUS3 BIASED PKP
* Denotes a binary signal received from an external B90 via communications (Direct I/O,
GOOSE/GSSE)
Page 108
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – AG Fault on Bus 1 Trip Logic
* ISO 31 ON
* ISO32 ON
TRIP CB1-2
Trip Zone1 87B or
BF
Trip Zone2 87B or

BF
* F1 in Zone1 * F6 in Zone1
TRIP CB1 TRIP CB6

TRIP CB2 TRIP CB7

TRIP CB3 TRIP CB8

* F4 in Zone1 * L1 in Zone1
TRIP CB4 TRIP CB9

TRIP CB5 TRIP CB10


Page 109
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Bus 2 Fault With Buses Paralleled
ZONE 3=CHECK ZONE

L7
CB1-2
ISO31
L8
ZONE 1=BUS1
ISO32
ZONE 2=BUS2
ISO10
ISO11
ISO13
ISO14
ISO16
ISO17
ISO19
ISO20
ISO22
ISO23
ISO25
ISO26
ISO28
ISO29
ISO8
CB4 CB5 CB6 CB7 CB8 CB9 CB10

ISO12
ISO15
ISO18
ISO21
ISO24
ISO27
ISO30
F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 L1 L2

Page 110
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Buses Paralleled Logic
ISO1 ON
ISO2 ON
ISO4 ON
ISO5 ON
ISO7 ON
ISO8 ON BUS1 & BUS2

PARALLELED
ISO19 ON
ISO20 ON
ISO28 ON
ISO29 ON

Page 111
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Dynamic Bus Replica (Paralleled Buses)
BUS ZONE 1 BUS ZONE 2
ISO1 ON ISO2 ON
F1 IN ZONE1 F1 IN ZONE2
ISO2 ON ISO1 ON
BUS1 & BUS2 BUS1 & BUS2

PARALLELED PARALLELED
ISO4 ON ISO5 ON
F2 IN ZONE1 F2 IN ZONE2
ISO5 ON ISO4 ON

ISO28 ON ISO29 ON
L2 IN ZONE1 L2 IN ZONE2
ISO29 ON ISO28 ON


Page 112
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Dynamic Bus Replica (Paralleled Buses)
ISO19 & ISO20 CLOSED
PARALLEL PATH DETECTED
INCLUDE ALL FEEDERS IN

BOTH ZONE 1 & ZONE 2
ZONE 1 = ZONE 2 = ZONE 3
A Bus Fault on Either Bus 1 or Bus 2 will result in both

Bus Differential Zones Tripping

Page 113
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Paralleled Buses Trip Logic
AG Undervoltage

TIMER
Trip 87B Zone1 BF
BUS1 OP
BUS3 BIASED PKP
AG Undervoltage
AG Undervoltage * BF Trip Zone2

TIMER
* AG Undervoltage 80ms Trip Zone2 87B or
Trip 87B Zone2 BF
BUS2 OP
BUS3 BIASED PKP
Both Zone 1 and Zone 2 operate and…

Page 114
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Paralleled Buses Trip Logic
* ISO 31 ON
* ISO32 ON
TRIP CB1-2
Trip Zone1 87B or
BF
…trip all breakers in Zone 1 and
Trip Zone2 87B or
BF Zone 2.
TRIP CB1 TRIP CB6

TRIP CB2 TRIP CB7

TRIP CB3 TRIP CB8

TRIP CB4 TRIP CB9

TRIP CB5 TRIP CB10


Page 115
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – External Fault on F4 with Breaker Fail
ZONE 1=BUS1
Feeder Protection detects fault

ZONE 2=BUS2 and sends trip command to CB4
After a time, current flow is

ISO10
ISO11
detected in F4
Breaker Failure for CB4 is

declared and signal sent to B90-
CB4 5
ISO12
Feeder Protection
F4 B90-5 sends signals to
& CB4 BKR FAIL
Protection B90s to trip
appropriate breakers
B90-5
BUS BKR FAIL

Page 116
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Breaker Fail Zone Trip Logic
F1 IN ZONE 1 F1 IN ZONE 2
BKR FAIL 1 TRIP BKR FAIL 1 TRIP
BKR FAIL 4 TRIP BKR FAIL TRIP BKR FAIL 4 TRIP BKR FAIL TRIP
ZONE 1 ZONE 2
L2 IN ZONE 1 L2 IN ZONE 2
BKR FAIL 1-2 TRIP BKR FAIL 1-2 TRIP

Page 117
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Breaker Failure Trip Logic
AG Undervoltage

TIMER
Trip 87B Zone1 BF
BUS1 OP
BUS3 BIASED PKP
AG Undervoltage
AG Undervoltage * BF Trip Zone2

TIMER
* AG Undervoltage 80ms Trip Zone2 87B or
Trip 87B Zone2 BF
BUS2 OP
BUS3 BIASED PKP

Page 118
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B90 Example – Breaker Failure Trip Logic
* ISO 31 ON
* ISO32 ON
TRIP CB1-2
Trip Zone1 87B or
BF
Trip Zone2 87B or

BF
TRIP CB1 TRIP CB6

TRIP CB2 TRIP CB7

TRIP CB3 TRIP CB8

TRIP CB4 TRIP CB9

TRIP CB5 TRIP CB10


Page 119
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B30 & B90 User
Software

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B30 & B90 – Software
•UR Setup – Universal configuration software for the entire Universal
Relay (UR) family
– Free download from GEMultilin.com
•B30 Differential Phasor Model Simulator – Simulate B30 operation
offline using virtual B30 model
– Free download from GEMultilin.com
•Enervista Viewpoint Software Suite
• Engineer – Graphical Logic Designer, Real-Time Logic Monitor,
Advanced COMTRADE Viewer
• Monitoring – Simplified Monitoring, Data Logging & Event Retrieval
for Small Systems
• Maintenance – Automatic report generation for Relay Health and
Relay & Settings Security
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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
UR Setup – Universal Relay Configuration Software

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
UR Setup – COMTRADE Viewer

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B30 Differential – Phasor Model

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
B30 Differential – Phasor Display

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B30 Differential – Operating Characteristic

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
EnerVista Viewpoint Engineer
Graphical FlexLogic™ Designer
Design Control Logic in this intuitive, easy to use IEC 1131 Graphical Logic Designer
• Simplify the process of creating complex control logic for Substation
Automation such as advanced Tripping, Reclosing and Transfer
Schemes.
• Design Logic with drag and drop ease using a library of inputs,
outputs, logic gates, symbols and configuration tools
• Document actual setting file with text to make it easier for

others to understand
• Create settings offline without having to communicate with the relay
Powerful Intuitive Logic Compiler

Analyses logic for potential problems in logic such as:
• detecting infinite loops in logic
• using inputs and outputs, or protection, control and
monitoring elements that have not been configured properly
• using Virtual Outputs that have not been assigned
• using inputs for hardware or features that is not available on
your relay
Optimizes control logic equations to obtain maximum efficiency and to
use the fewest possible lines of logic

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Real-Time FlexLogic™ Analyzer
Analyze the Status of each component of your UR Flexlogic in Real-Time
• Identify which inputs are triggering and enabling

each logic gate
• Ascertain why your control logic is not operating

as you expected
• Quickly detect any wiring problems
• Determine which control interlocks are causing

your breaker from operating

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
IEC 61850
Device Logic System/Substation System/Substation
Designer Designer Designer
• Create Logic in an Graphical IEC 1131 • Link Control Logic from multiple • Link Control Logic from multiple UR
Editor UR Devices Devices
• Analyze status of logic in Real-Time • Create Setting Files for multiple • Create Setting Files for multiple
UR’s UR’s in IEC 61850 format
• Analyze the status of Peer-to-Peer • Analyze the status of Peer-to-Peer
messages in Real-Time messages in Real-Time
• Shipping Q1, 2006 • Shipping Q4, 2006

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
EnerVista Viewpoint Monitoring
Easy to use Monitoring & Data Recording for Small Systems
PLUG-AND-PLAY MONITORING GLOBAL COMTRADE VIEWER
Pre-configured screens for View Waveforms Recorded

instant monitoring From your Devices
SINGLE-LINE MONITORING AND CONTROL TRENDING REPORTS
View Single-Line monitoring Historical Record of

screens in minutes Monitored Data
AUTOMATIC EVENT AND WAVEFORM RETRIEVAL AUTOMATIC EVENT AND WAVEFORM RETRIEVAL
Effortless Data Archiving Instant Alarm Notification

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
EnerVista Viewpoint Maintenance
Reports to Simplify all Maintenance Tasks
Viewpoint Maintenance will provide the following reports to simplify

all maintenance tasks
• Fault Diagnostics Report
• Device and Equipment Status Report
• Settings Security Report
Fault Diagnostics Device Status and Health Settings Security

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Conclusions

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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Conclusions
B30 B90
 For smaller busbars (up to 6  For large, complex busbars (up to
feeders) 24 feeders)
 Single chassis providing three-  Multiple chassis for single-phase
phase bus differential protection, bus differential, plus extra IEDs for
logic and I/O capabilities dynamic bus replica, breaker fail…
 Isolator monitoring may be done in  Internal full-feature isolator
FlexLogic™ if required monitoring provided (B90-Logic)
 End Fault Protection may be  24 End Fault Protection elements
provided using FlexLogic™ if provided (B90-Protection)
required  Additional security can be
 Additional security can be provided (fewer feeders in zone)
provided (fewer feeders in zone)  Inter-relay communications
 Inter-relay communications supported for additional I/O
supported for additional I/O
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2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Conclusions
• B30 is limited in scope to small busbars, therefore application is
fairly simple and straightforward
• B90 designed to be applied to large complex busbars, therefore
application can be quite complicated:
– Multiple B90s:
• Protection Algorithm processing
• Dynamic Bus Replica logic
• Isolator monitoring
• Breaker Failure
– Inter-relay Communication schemes for I/O transfer, inter-tripping
• GE Multilin can provide a complete engineered B90
System Solution, based on specific customer
application & requirements
Page 134
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Conclusions
• Both B30 and B90 provide secure, high performance bus differential
protection for reconfigurable busbars using the same proven
algorithms
• Both B30 and B90 are members of the Universal Relay (UR) family,
with common configuration and management tools for all relays:
– EnerVista UR Setup: Universal configuration tool
– EnerVista ViewPoint: software suite for all GE Multilin IEDs
• Launchpad: Device Setup & Document Management
• Engineer: Advanced Logic Design & Monitoring (Optional)
• Maintenance: Troubleshooting & Reporting Tools (Optional)
• Monitoring: Monitoring & Data Recording for Small Systems
(Optional)
www.GEMultilin.com
Page 135
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH
Q&A

Page 136
2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH

Applications - B30 and B90 Applications

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Bus Differential

GE Multilin Bus Protection Offering

B30 & B90 Application Considerations

Advanced Application Topics

B90 Application Examples

B30 & B90 User Software

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

Bus Protection Must be Dependable and Secure, With

Bus Protection Must Adapt Automatically (No User

B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

C-1 C-2 C-4

Different Currents May Need to be Added/Removed from

All Bus Zone protections essentially operate based on Kirchoff’s

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

Intentional Time Delay means No Fast Zone Clearance

• Blocking signals generated by

Technique Limited to Radial Circuits with Negligible Backfeed

Cannot Easily be Applied to Reconfigurable Buses and Offers

Can be Applied to Reconfigurable Buses and Secure from CT

• Data Acquisition Units (DAUs)

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

• All currents applied to a single

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

• Improve the main differential algorithm operation

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

• CT saturation depends on a number of factors

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

Ratio Current CT Current

Ratio Current CT Current

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

• Both are members of the Universal Relay (UR) family

Proven Hardware. Proven Algorithms.

B30 – Cost effective protection & metering.

Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of the Differential

1. Configure the physical CT Inputs

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

B-1 S-1 S-3 S-5

CT-1 CT-2 B-2 CT-4 B-4 CT-7

C-1 C-2 C-4

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

• Associated feeders must be

IDIFF = Error Maloperation if

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

iR  i1  i2  i3  ... in “sum of”

iR  n i1  i2  i3  ...  in “geometrical average”

iR  Max  i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in  “maximum of”

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

• External Faults: One fault (“large”) current will be out of phase

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

External Fault Conditions Internal Fault Conditions

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

The Saturation Detector WILL NOT Block the Operation of the

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

The bus differential The CT saturation flag

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin