Introductory ideas
In the past 20 years there has been
a growing interest in what was
traditionally known as ‘idioms’ in
the American and British
traditions, but what is also called,
‘co-selection of words’, ‘phrasal
lexemes’ and ‘phrasemes’ or
‘phraseological units’.
The phraseology as a branch as
lexicology have been investigated
by different scholars - V. V.
Vinogradov, A. V. Koonin, A. I.
Smirnitski, and I. V. Arnold. V. V.
Vinogradov was the first who
introduced the term
“phraseological unit”.
The sources of phraseology attract
the attention of many linguists
who investigate its matters in
order to disclose them and reveal
their core information. Learning
proverbs and phraseological units
are very interesting, because you
understand better the language.
The presence of figurative
phraseology provides brightness
and flexibility. Such
phraseological units conclude a
wealth of expressive and stylistic
nuances that make language more
vivid and emotional.
 The concept of phraseology
(from gr. phrasis "the words" and logos "science")
In linguistics, phraseology is Phraseology is one of
the study of set or fixed the sources of vocabulary
expressions, such as idioms, enlargement and enrichment.
phrasal verbs, and other types The subject of phraseology It is the most colorful part of
of multi-word lexical units in as a science is the study of the vocabulary system, and it
which the component parts of nature of the phraseological describes the peculiar vision
the expression take on a units and their characteristics, of the world by this speaking
meaning more specific than or and identify patterns of community. It reflects the
otherwise not predictable functioning in their speech. history of the nation, the
from the sum of their customs and traditions of
meanings when used the people speaking the
independently. language.

Phraseological units are non-
motivated word-groups that cannot be
freely made up in speech but are
reproduced as a ready-made units.
Phraseological units
In speech phraseological units have
connotations related to emotions and
appraisals. Connotation is determined
only by social, ideological attitude of a
speaker, therefore an appraisal
component of such connotation has a
subjective nature.
Knowing English phraseological units,
proverbs and sayings enriches
students’ vocabulary and helps them
to realize figurative system of English,
lambent English humor and broadens
their lingua cultural competence.
Phraseological units absorb values of
the ages in which it lives. The problem
of understanding the meaning of a
phraseological unit is linked with a
possibility of increasing our knowledge
about the world diachronically.
Reproducibility is a regular use of phraseological units in
speech as single unchangeable collocations. In lexicology
opinions differ as to how phraseology should be
defined, classified, described, and analyzed.
Idiomaticity, the quality of a phraseological unit, when
the meaning of the whole is not deducible from the sum of
the meanings of the parts.

Stability. The usage of phraseological units is not subject to

free variations, and grammatical structure of phraseological
units is also stable to a certain extent
Phraseological Stability. The usage of phraseological units is not subject
units are
defined as
to free variations, and grammatical structure of
stable word phraseological units is also stable to a certain extent
groups with a
specialized
meaning of Idiomaticity, the quality of a phraseological unit,
the whole.
The meaning
when the meaning of the whole is not deducible from the
can be sum of the meanings of the parts.
partially or
completely
transferred. Reproducibility is a regular use of phraseological units in
speech as single unchangeable collocations. In lexicology
opinions differ as to how phraseology should be
defined, classified, described, and analyzed.
 The primary way Ways of forming phraseological units The secondary way

launching to vote with

Transferring the meaning of one’s feet
pad to link up Conversion
terminological word-groups Make hay
granny farm
From free word groups by while the sun
Troyan horse Changing the grammar form
trasnforming their meaning a sad sack shines
culture Curiosity
By means of alliteration Analogy
vulture killed the cat
My aunt! cold surgery
By means of expressiveness Contrast
Hear, hear! fat cat
By means of distorting a to make a Shortening of proverbs or
odds and ends
word group sow’s ear sayings
in brown Borrowing phraseological
By using archaisms living space
study units from other languages
By using a sentence in a that cock
different sphere of life won’t fight
When we use some unreal to have
image butterflies in The classification od phraseological
By using expressions of the stomach units according to the way are formed
writers or polititions in corridors of
by A. V. Koonin.
power
 The classification of phraseological Nominal PUs (birds of a
feather)
units by V. V. Vinogradov
Verbal PUs (to give the
Phraseological fusions are sack)
units whose meaning
cannot be deduced from
the meanings of their Adjectival PUs (safe and
component parts. sound)

Phraseological unities are

Structural Adverbial PUs (in cold
expressions the meaning of principle blood)
Semantic which can be deduced from
principle the meanings of their Interjectional PUs (My
components God! )

Phraseological Prepositional PUs (by

collocations reason of)
(combinations) are word-
groups with a partially Conjunctional PUs (as long
changed meaning. as on the other hand)
 Verbal-adverbial units equivalent to verbs in which To give up, to art
the semantic and the grammatical centres coincide in
the first constituent. up

One- Units equivalent to verbs which have their semantic To be interested, to

summit centre in the second constituent and their grammatical
be tired
centre in the first.
units
Prepositional-nominal units are equivalent of
unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, By heart, on the
The that is why they have no grammar center, their semantic nose
classification center is the nominal part.
of PUs by A.
Attributive-nominal phraseological units are Grey matter, blind
I. Smirnitski equivalent to nouns. alley

Two- Verb-nominal phraseological units .The grammar

to read between the
summit center of such units is the verb, the semantic center in
lines
units many cases is the nominal component.

Phraseological repetitions units can be built on now or never,

antonyms. They are equivalents of adverbs or
adjectives and have no grammar center. as busy as a bee
 Phraseological units can be classified as parts of speech. This
classification was suggested by I.V. Arnold. Here we have the
following groups:
Noun Verb
phraseological phraseological Adverb
Adjective
units denoting units denoting phraseological
phraseological Preposition Interjection
an object, a an action, a units, such as:
units denoting a phraseological phraseological
person, a living state, a feeling, with a bump, in
quality, e.g. units, e.g. in the units, e.g.
being e.g. bullet e.g. to break the the soup, like a
loose as a course of, on the Catch me! Well,
train, latchkey log-jam, to get dream, like a
goose, dull as stroke of; I never!.
child, redbrick on somebody’s dog with two
lead;
university, coattails, to tails;
Green Berets; make headlines;
The classification Nominative phraseological units are represented by word-groups
system of
phraseological units denoting objects, phenomena, actions, states, qualities:
based on the Verbal (to run for one's (dear) life); Substantive (a snake in the grass); Adjectival (long in
combined structural- the tooth); Adverbial (out of a blue sky); Prepositional – with an eye to.
semantic principle
and the stability of
phraseological units Nominative-communicative phraseological units contain a verb and include verbal word-
suggested by groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice.
Professor A. V. e.G to dance on a volcano, to make (someone) turn (over) in his grave, to put the hat on
Koonin. smb’s misery.

Communicative phraseological units are represented by proverbs and sayings. Sayings,

unlike proverbs, are not evaluative and didactic.
e.g. A pretty kettle of fish!; Good God!; God damn it!; Like hell!

Interjectional phraseological units express the speaker’s emotions and attitude to things.
They are neither nominative no communicative and include interjectional word-groups.
e.g. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening; Never say “never”;
That’s another pair of shoes!; It’s a small world.
 Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar
quotations and clinches
A proverb is a short familiar As to familiar quotations, Some quotations are so often
epigrammatic saying they are different from used that they come to be
expressing popular wisdom, a proverbs in their origin. They considered clichés. The term is
truth or a moral lesson in a come from literature and used to denote such phrases as
concise and imaginative way. become part of the language, so have become hackneyed(banal)
Proverbs have much in that many people using them and stale. Being constantly and
common with set expressions, do not even know that they are mechanically repeated they
because their lexical quoting, and very few could have lost their original
components are also constant, accurately name the play or expressiveness. The following
their meaning is traditional and passage on which they are are perhaps the most generally
mostly figurative, and they are drawing even when they are recognized:, the arms of
introduced into speech ready- aware of using a quotation Morpheus, to break the ice, the
made from W. Shakespeare. irony of fate, etc.
 Phraseological units are interesting because they
are colorful and lively and because they are
The phraseology is a young part of linguistics.
linguistic curiosities. At the same time, they are
However many linguists investigated it and tried
difficult because they have unpredictable
to approach to it differently, there are some
meanings and grammar, and often have special
problems which remain unsolved now.
connotations. Research into phraseological units
shows that they have important role in language.

Conclusion
In my opinion the field of phraseology in any
Phraseological units reflect the wealth of a
language is so varied and fascinating that one
language displaying cultural paradigms of the
could spend an entire lifetime considering and
speakers of a particular language. They reflect
analyzing it from various viewpoints. A
cultural archetypes of an ethno-linguistic
phraseological unit is an established, universal
community and help to make explicit the
and essential element that, used with care,
peculiarities of its world perception.
ornaments and enriches the language.