Infectious Diseases:

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus

By: Amyia Hardy, Christina Reid and Parrish Webster
The Essence of Discrimination
 Objectives
▪ Introduction to HIV and AIDS
▪ HIV/AIDS Timeline
▪ Major Interventions and the Socio-Ecological Model
▪ The HIV Health Policy Pyramid
▪ Our role as Health Educators
▪ Q and A
 What is HIV?
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) HIV as it is commonly known is a unique type of virus (a
retrovirus). The human immunodeficiency virus causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) a
condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) AIDS is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes
severe damage to the immune system. The disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due to
markedly reduced helper T cells. Which causes patients to have a very weak immune system (defense
mechanism). Thus, predisposing patients to multiple opportunistic infections leading to death.
 Modes of Transmission
Silence Fear Ignorance Stigma

Discrimination
 Modes of Transmission cont.
Body Fluids
▪ Blood/Blood Products
▪ Semen
▪ Vaginal Fluid
Intravenous Drug Abuse
▪ Unsterilized needles and blades
Unprotected Intercourse
▪ Vaginal
▪ Anal
▪ Oral
Perinatal
▪ Mother to child during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding
 Detection and Treatment
▪ Western Blot Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
▪ HIV Rapid Antibody Tests ▪ Non-nucleoside reverse
▪ Absolute CD4 Lymphocyte transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Count ▪ Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse
▪ HIV Viral Load Tests transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
▪ Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
▪ Urine Western Blot ▪ Entry of Fusion Inhibitors
▪ Oral Exams (Orasure) ▪ Integrase Inhibitors
HIV: TIMELINE
1981 1982 1984 1985 1987 1988

“Unexplained cases The Centers for Lorem The World Health

HIV, theipsum
causedolor sit
of AIDS On March 20, 1987, December 1, 1988 is
of enlarged lymph Disease Control amet, consectetur Organization (WHO) the first anti- established by the
nodes among gay (CDC) establishes the Scientists
adipiscingidentify the
elit, sed do hosts the first retroviral treatment World Health
men are observed term acquired Human
eiusmod tempor. International AIDS known as AZT is Organisation (WHO)
and studied by immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency Conference in Atlanta, authorized in the US.
physicians and syndrome (AIDS) and Virus, or HIV as the Georgia, to assess the as the first World
researchers in New identifies risk factors. cause of AIDS. global AIDS situation Mortality:40849 Aids Day.
York City.” and begin international deaths
Mortality: 618 deaths Mortality: 5596 deaths Incidence:50378
surveillance. Mortality: 61816
Mortality:--- Incidence: 771 cases Incidence: 7239 cases cases
Mortality:12529 deaths deaths
Incidence: 159 cases
Incidence: 15529 cases Incidence: 82362
cases
HIV: TIMELINE
1992 1993 1996 2001 2008 2009

Drug cocktails' The film "Philadelphia", Lorem ipsum dolor sit Generic antiretroviral On October 6, 2008, U.S. President Barack
UNAIDS is established
trialed starring Tom Hanks as a amet, consectetur treatments for HIV are the Nobel Prize in Obama removes a
lawyer with AIDS, The Joint United
adipiscing Nations
elit, sed do manufactured by Indian Physiology or travel ban preventing
The first clinical trials
opens in cinemas. Programme on HIV/AIDS
eiusmod tempor. drug companies. This Medicine is awarded HIV-positive people
using multiple
Based on a true story, it (or UNAIDS) is dramatically reduces to Barre-Sinoussi and entering the United
combinations of
is the first major established to advocate the cost of providing Montagnier “for States.
drugs begin.
Hollywood film on for global action on the treatment, especially in their discovery of
Mortality: 194476 AIDS. epidemic. developing countries. human
deaths Mortality: 234225 immunodeficiency
Mortality:362004 deaths Mortality:429825
Incidence: 254147 deaths virus.”
Incidence:581429 cases deaths
cases Incidence:360909 cases Incidence:733374 cases
Intervention and Social Ecological Model
INTERVENTION #1

Example: POSSE (Prevent Ongoing Spread of STIs Everywhere) is a program of the HIV & STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection) Outreach Section at the Forsyth County
Department of Public Health that works in Partnership with the Winston-Salem Urban League.

Brief Description: The POSSE Team provides HIV and STI screenings and education in community locations in Forsyth County such as churches, jails, universities, homeless
shelters, nightclubs, and community health fairs.

Statistics: In 2015, only 1,462 residents had HIV. There were only 55 new HIV diagnoses that year. The number of new diagnoses was so low that it is plausible to completely eliminate the spread of the virus in the Winston-Salem
Community.

SEM: Individual, Interpersonal, Community and Organizational

INTERVENTION #2

Example: PrEP- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (or PrEP)

Brief Description: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (or PrEP) is when people at very high risk for HIV take HIV medicines daily to lower their chances of getting infected. PrEP can stop HIV from
taking hold and spreading throughout your body.

Statistics: Daily PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by more than 90%. Among people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk by more than 70%. Your risk of getting HIV from sex
can be even lower if you combine PrEP with condoms and other prevention methods.

SEM: Individual, Interpersonal

INTERVENTION #3

Example: Syringe Exchange Program

Brief Description: Syringe exchange programs (SEPs) provide free sterile syringes and collect used syringes from injection-drug users (IDUs) to reduce transmission of bloodborne
pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Statistics: Research indicates that over 90% of syringes distributed by SEPs are returned

SEM: Interpersonal, Policy and Enabling Environment

PYRAMID
Our Role As Health Educators
▪ Learn More About Health Education Centering Around HIV
▪ Conduct Research
▪ Review Literature and Scholarly Journal Article
▪ Networking/Conferences
▪ Volunteer
Q&A
 References
AVERT.org: https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/overview
CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/default.html
The Center for HIV Law and Policy: https://www.hivlawandpolicy.org/
NCHRC: http://www.nchrc.org/syringe-exchange/
WHO: http://www.who.int/features/qa/71/en/
THE END