Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of Higher Education

King Faisal University
College of Applied Medical Sciences
Nursing Department
Microbiology (ASCC 3102202)
2nd year, 2018

LECTURER : SHEEBA KUMARI

(M. Sc, RN,RM) 1
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 Required Texts:
• Tortora, Funke, Case, (2012). Microbiology: An
Introduction. Eleventh Edition.Pearson Publishing
ISBN: 9781292026305.
• Other Resources (Books, Journals, Online Content):
• Michael, Leboffe, Burton, (2011). A Photographic
Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory. Fourth Edition.
• Author: Gary Kaiser, Erica Suchman. Animation
Illustrating Genetic Exchange in Bacteria as a Result of
Generalized Transduction. Date of retrieval: April 7,
2015.
• http://www.microbelibrary.org/
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At the end of the class students will be able to:

Explain the size of microorganisms

Discuss the Taxonomy of microorganisms

Discuss the classifications of bacteria

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SIZE

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SIZE OF MICROORGANISMS

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 Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying,
and Naming Microorganisms
• Domian
• Kingdom
• phylum* or division
• Class
• Order
• Family and
• Genus
• Species
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Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying,
and Naming Microorganisms

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Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying,
and Naming Microorganisms..

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 ASSIGNING SPECIFIC NAMES
• The method of assigning the scientific, or specific
name is called the binomial (two-name) system of
nomenclature. The scientific name is always a
combination of the generic (genus) name followed by
the species name.
1)The generic part of the scientific name is capitalized,
and the species part begins with a lowercase letter.
2)Both should be italicized (or underlined if italics are not
available), as follows:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
An organism’s scientific name is sometimes abbreviated
to save space, as in C. diphtheriae 13
 ASSIGNING SPECIFIC NAMES
• Some species have been named in honor of a
microbiologist who originally discovered the
microbe or who has made outstanding
contributions to the field.
• Other names may designate a characteristic of
the microbe (shape, color), a location where it was
found, or a disease it causes.

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 ASSIGNING SPECIFIC NAMES
• Haemophilus aegypticus (hee-mah-fil-us ee-jip-tih-kus)
Gr. haema, blood, philos, to love, and Egypt, the country.
The causative agent of pinkeye.
• Pseudomonas tomato (soo-doh-mon-us toh-may-toh) Gr.
pseudo, false, monas, unit, and tomato, the fruit. A
bacterium that infects the common garden tomato.
• Campylobacter jejuni (cam-pee-loh-bak-ter jee-joo-neye)
Gr. kampylos, curved, bakterion, little rod, and jejunum, a
section of intestine. One of the most important causes of
intestinal infection worldwide.
• Giardia lamblia ( jee-ar-dee-uh lam-blee-uh) for Alfred Giard,
a French microbiologist, and Vilem Lambl, a Bohemian
physician, both of whom worked on the organism, a
protozoan that causes a severe intestinal infection. 15
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 Review: check correct scientific name of organism
A.Neisseria gonorrhoeae A)MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
B.Neisseria gonorrhoeae B)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C.Neisseria Gonorrhoeae C)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D.NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE D)Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

CORRECT ANSWER: B CORRECT ANSWER: C

• gonococcus (Neisseria
gonorrhoeae) • tubercle bacillus
(Mycobacterium
tuberculosis)

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 Schematic of typical animal
(eukaryotic) cell, showing subcellular
• components.
• Organelles: (1) nucleolus
(2) nucleus (3) ribosome
(4) vesicle
• (5) rough endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi
apparatus (7)
Cytoskeleton
• (8) smooth ER (9)
mitochondria (10)
vacuole
• (11) cytoplasm (12)
lysosome (13) centrioles

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 Eukaryotes have organelles
• Much larger; more complex than prokaryotes
• Processes compartmentalized into organelles
– Nucleus
– Protein synthesis (ribosomes, RER, Golgi)
– Mitochondria; chloroplasts
– Lysosomes
– Plasma membranes have different modifications
– Cytoskeleton

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 Background Information
Prokaryotes

• Prokaryotes represent two domains, bacteria and

archaea.

• Archaea live in Earth’s extreme environments.

• Bacteria are the most abundant and diversified

organisms on Earth.

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Differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells

VDO
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 Prokaryotic Cells
• Much smaller (microns) and more simple than
eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes are molecules surrounded by a
membrane and cell wall. (Plasma membrane
present. )
• They lack a true nucleus and don’t have membrane
bound organelles like mitochondria, etc.
• Large surface-to-volume ratio : nutrients can easily
and rapidly reach any part of the cells interior

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 Shapes of Bacteria
• Cocci – spherical/ oval shaped major groups
• Bacilli – rod shaped
• Vibrios – comma shaped
• Spirilla – rigid spiral forms
• Spirochetes – flexible spiral forms
• Actinomycetes – branching filamentous bacteria
• Mycoplasmas – lack cell wall

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Actinomycetes Mycoplasmas

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Bacteria Have One of Three Cellular
Shapes

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Arrangement of bacteria: Cocci

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 Reproduction*
• Prokaryotic cell division is
binary fission.
– Single DNA molecule that
first replicates.
– Attaches each copy to a
different part of the cell
membrane.
– Cell begins to pull apart.
– Following cytokinesis, there
are then two cells of identical
genetic composition.
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Anatomy of a Bacterial Cell

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 Anatomy of A Bacterial Cell
• Outer layer – two components:
1. Rigid cell wall: porous and permeable to small
solute molecules.
2. Cytoplasmic (Cell/ Plasma) membrane –present
beneath cell wall
• Cytoplasm – cytoplasmic inclusions, ribosomes: (for
protein production), mesosomes .
• Additional structures – plasmid, slime layer,
capsule, flagella, fimbriae (pili), spores

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 Structure of Bacteria
All cells have 3 main Components:
1.– DNA (‘nucleoid”)
• genetic instructions
2.– surrounding membrane (“cytoplasmic
membrane”)
• limits access to the cell’s interior
3– cytoplasm, between the DNA and the
Membrane:
• where all metabolic reactions occur. • Especially
protein synthesis, which occurs on the ribosomes
Bacteria also often have these features:
– cell wall: resists osmotic pressure
– flagella: movement
– pili: attachment, short, hair-like structures
-capsule : protection and biofilms

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Types of flagellar arrangement

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 Bacteria-Additional Organelles
• Spores –
– Highly resistant resting stages
formed during adverse
environment (depletion of
nutrients)
– Formed inside the parent cell,
hence called Endospores
– Very resistant to heat, radiation
and drying and can remain
dormant for hundreds of years.
– Formed by bacteria like
Clostridia.
Eg: Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
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 Spores….
• Spores can also survive very high or low temperatures and
high UV radiation for extended periods. This makes them
difficult to kill during sterilization.

• Spores are produced only by a few genera in the Formicates:

• Bacillus species including anthracis (anthrax)

• Clostridium species including tetani (tetanus), perfringens

(gangrene), and botulinum (botulism: food poisoning from
improperly canned food)

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 The cycle of spore formation and
germination
• At the beginning of spore formation, a septum forms,
separating the nascent spore from the rest of the cell and
all of the genetic material of the cell is copied into the
newly-forming cell. The spore contents are dehydrated
and the protective outer coatings are laid down. Once
the spore is matured it is released from the cell. On
germination, the spore contents rehydrate and a new
bacterium emerges and multiplies.

Each vegetative cell forms only one spore. This

phenomenon is known as sporulation. Each spore gives
rise to a single vegetative cell known as germination.
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The cycle of spore formation and germination /

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 What is a Stain
A stain is a substance that adheres to a cell, giving
the cell color.

 The presence of color gives the cells significant

contrast so are much more visible.

 They are used to differentiate different types of

organisms or to view specific parts of organisms

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 Difference Between Gram-Negative
and Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria Gram-Positive Bacteria
More complex cell wall. Simple cell wall.
Thin peptidoglycan cell wall Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
layer. layer

Outer lipopolysaccharide wall No outer lipopolysaccharide

layer wall layer

Retain safranin. Retain crystal violet/iodine.

Appear pink/red. Appear blue/purple 47

 Classification of Bacteria
• Gram + cocci Gram - bacilli
 Classification of Bacteria
• Gram - Spirochete Gram + bacilli
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 Microbial growth

• Growth is the process by which: individual cells

increase in size and mass and the population
increases in number
• Basically metabolism and reproduction
• Reproduction for bacteria and fungi tends to be
asexual-budding or fission

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Microbial growth

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Factors Required for Bacterial Growth

A) Environmental factors affecting growth

B) Sources of Metabolic Energy

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 Factors Required for Bacterial Growth
• A) Environmental factors affecting growth
• 1. Nutrients.: (a) Hydrogen donors and acceptors, (b)
Carbon source, (c) Nitrogen source, (d) Minerals : sulphur
and phosphorus, (e) Growth factors: amino acids, purines,
pyrimidines; vitamins, (f) Trace elements: Mg, Fe,
• Growth Factors: Thiamine, nicotinic acid, folic acid.
• Heterotrophs require organic materials for growth, e.g.
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids as source of energy.
• 2. pH of the medium. Most pathogenic bacteria grow
best in pH 7.2-7.4. Vibrio cholerae can grow in pH 8.2-9.0.

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 Factors Required for Bacterial Growth…
• 3. Gaseous Requirement: a): O2.
(i) Aerobes. They cannot grow without oxygen, e.g.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

(ii) Facultative anaerobes. These grow under both aerobic

and anaerobic conditions. Most bacteria are facultative
anaerobes, e.g. Enterobacteriaceae.

(iii)Anaerobes. They only grow in absence of free oxygen,

e.g. Clostridium.

(iv) Microaerophils grow best in oxygen less than that

present in the air, e.g. Campylobacter. 55
 Factors Required for Bacterial Growth…
• (b) Carbon dioxide. All bacteria require CO2 for their growth.
Most bacteria produce CO2. N. gonorrhoeae and N.
meningitides grow better in presence of 5 per cent CO2.
• 4. Temperature. Most bacteria are mesophilic. Mesophilic
bacteria grow best at 30-37°C. Optimum temperature for
growth of common pathogenic bacteria is 37°C.
• Psychrophiles :are cold-loving bacteria.
• Mesophiles :are bacteria that grow best at moderate
temperatures. E.coli
• Thermophiles : are heat-loving bacteria.
5. Light. Optimum condition for growth is darkness.
• B. Sources of Metabolic Energy
Mainly three mechanisms generate metabolic energy. These are
fermentation, respiration and photosynthesis. An organism to
grow, at least one of these mechanisms must be used.
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Microbial growth Phases

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 Microbial growth Phases…
• Lag phase

• No growth occurs because the cells are adapting to the

new environment
• Length of period varies, dependent on culture
conditions
• Log phase

• Cells are growing exponentially or logarithmically-the

population doubles within a certain time-depends on
exact conditions, but can be as little as 20 mins
• This is called the generation time 58
 Microbial growth Phases…
• Stationary phase
• A nutrient depletion or toxic by-product build up
stops the cells from metabolising or reproducing-
the cell numbers remain static
• Death phase

• In this phase the cells start to die and the viable

population decreases .Population death is also
exponential-not all the cells die at once…

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 REVIEW
• Which of the following mechanisms generate metabolic energy for
the growth of microorganisms?
A. Fermentation
B. Respiration
C. Photosynthesis
D. All of the above
Which of the following is the best example for aerobes?
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Enterobacteriaceae
C. N. gonorrhoeae
D. N. meningitides

Psychrophiles :are cold-loving bacteria.

Mesophiles :are bacteria that grow best at moderate temperatures.eg:
E.coli 61
Thermophiles : are heat-loving bacteria.
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