Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions

CHM 092
CHAPTER 1: ATOMS,
MOLECULES AND IONS
CHM 092 SYLLABUS TEXT BOOK
1.1 Elements and Compounds 3.4 Atomic – Level View of Elements and Compounds
(page 84-87)
1.2 Atomic Structure; 2.6 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
Electrons, Protons and in Atoms (page 53-54)
Neutrons
1.3 Atomic Number, Mass 2.8 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atom
Number and Isotopes (page 64)
2.9 Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them (page
66-70)
2.6 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
in Atoms [Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons
Varies] (page 55-58)
1.4 Chemical Formulas 3.3 Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and
Molecular Models (page 82-84)
1.5 Naming of Compounds 3.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names (page 87-93)
3.6 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names (page
93-97)
1.6 Balancing of Chemical 3.10 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations (page 110-
Equations 113)
1.1 ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS
Molecular View of
Elements and Compounds
4
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
Classifying Elements &
Compounds
• Atomic elements = elements whose particles are
single atoms
• Molecular elements = elements whose particles
are multi-atom molecules
• Molecular compounds = compounds whose
particles are molecules made of only nonmetals
• Ionic compounds = compounds whose particles
are cations and anions
5
Elements
• Most elements have single atoms as their
constituent particles
• The atoms may be physically attracted to
each other, but are not chemically bonded
together
• A few elements have molecules as their
constituent particles
• The molecules are made of two or more
atoms chemically bonded together by
covalent bonds
6
Elements and Compounds
• Elements combine together to make an
almost limitless number of compounds
• The properties of the compound are totally
different from the constituent elements
7
Formation of Water
from Its Elements
8
Molecular Elements
• Certain elements occur as 2 atom molecules
 rule of 7’s
• Other elements occur as polyatomic molecules
 P4, S8, Se8
7A
7
H2 N2 O2 F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
9
Molecular Elements
10
Compounds
• Some compounds are composed of ions
arranged in a 3-dimensional pattern – these are
called ionic compounds
– each cation is surrounded by anions, and vice-versa
• Other compounds are composed of individual
molecule units
• Each molecule contains atoms of different
elements chemically attached by covalent bonds
11
Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds
Propane – contains Table salt – contains

individual C3H8 an array of Na+ ions
molecules and Cl- ions
12
Ionic Compounds
• Compounds of metals with nonmetals are
made of ions
– metal atoms form cations, nonmetal atoms
form anions
• No individual molecule units, instead they
have a 3-dimensional array of cations and
anions made of formula units
• Many contain polyatomic ions
– several atoms attached together by covalent
bonds into one ion
13
Classify Each of the Following as Either an Atomic
Element, Molecular Element, Molecular
Compound, or Ionic Compound
Aluminum, Al atomic element
Aluminum chloride, AlCl3 ionic compound
Chlorine, Cl2 molecular element
Acetone, C3H6O molecular compound
Carbon monoxide, CO molecular compound
Cobalt, Co atomic element
14
1.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE;
ELECTRONS, PROTONS AND
NEUTRONS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON
- +
Charge -1 +1 0
Occurrence Outside of the In the nucleus In the nucleus

nucleus
Mass (g) 0.00091 x 10-27 1.67262 x 10-27 1.67493 x 10-27
Relative mass 0.00055 1.00727 1.00866

(amu)
18
1.3 ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS
NUMBER AND ISOTOPES
Elements
• Each element has a unique number of
protons in its nucleus
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom is called the atomic number
– the elements are arranged on the Periodic Table
in order of their atomic numbers
• Each element has a unique name and
symbol
– symbol either one or two letters
• one capital letter or one capital letter and one
lowercase letter
20
21
The Periodic Table of the Elements
The atomic number tells
you how many protons
are in the nucleus and
how many electrons are
in the atom
Some symbols are come

onefrom the element
capital ‘s C,
letter, like name, likeI. COthers
S, and for
are two letters,
carbon. Othersand thefrom
come second is lowercase,
the Latin name of like
the Br and Srlike
element,
Au for gold (aurum) and Cu for copper (cuprium)
22
Structure of the Nucleus
• Soddy discovered that the same element
could have atoms with different masses, which
he called isotopes
– there are two isotopes of chlorine found in nature,
one that has a mass of about 35 amu and another
that weighs about 37 amu
• The observed mass is a weighted average of
the weights of all the naturally occurring atoms
– the percentage of an element that is one isotope is
called the isotope’s natural abundance
– the atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45 amu
23
Isotopes
• All isotopes of an element are chemically identical
– undergo the exact same chemical reactions
• All isotopes of an element have the same number
of protons
• Isotopes of an element have different masses
• Isotopes of an element have different numbers of
neutrons
• Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers,
which is the sum of all the protons and neutrons
in the nucleus
24
Isotopes
• Atomic number
 Number of protons
 Z
• Mass Number
 Protons + neutrons
 whole number
 A
• Abundance = relative amount found in a sample
25
Example of isotope: Neon
Percent
Number of Number of A, Mass Natural
Symbol Protons Neutrons Number Abundance
Ne-20 or 20
10 Ne 10 10 20 90.48%
21Ne
Ne-21 or 10 10 11 21 0.27%
22 Ne
Ne-22 or 10 10 12 22 9.25%
26
Practice – Complete the table
27
13 Al
27
13
6C
96
42Mo
27
13 Al
133
55 Cs
28
Example 2.3b: How many protons, electrons, and
52 Cr
neutrons are in an atom of ?
24
Given: 52 Cr therefore A = 52, Z = 24
Find: 24 # p+, # e−, # n0
Conceptual Plan: atomic

symbol # p+ # e−
number
symbol atomic & mass # n0

Relationships: atom, # p+ = # e-
in neutralnumbers
mass number = # p+ + # n0
Solution: Z = 24 = # p+ A = Z + # n0
# e− = # p+ = 24 52 = 24 + # n0
28 = # n0
Check: for most stable isotopes, n0 ≥ p+
29
Reacting Atoms
• When elements undergo chemical reactions, the
reacting elements do not turn into other elements
– Statement 4 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• This requires that all the atoms present when you
start the reaction will still be there after the reaction
• Because the number of protons determines the
kind of element, the number of protons in the atom
does not change in a chemical reaction
• However, many reactions involve transferring
electrons from one atom to another
30
Charged Atoms
• When atoms gain or lose electrons, they
acquire a charge
• Charged atoms or groups of atoms are
called ions
• When atoms gain electrons, they become
negatively charged ions, called anions
• When atoms lose electrons, they become
positively charged ions, called cations
31
Ions and Compounds
• Ions behave much differently than the
neutral atoms
– e.g., the metal sodium, made of neutral Na
atoms, is highly reactive and quite unstable;
however, the sodium cations, Na+, found in
table salt are very nonreactive and stable
• Because materials such as table salt are
neutral, there must be equal amounts of
charge from cations and anions in them
32
Atomic Structures of Ions
• Nonmetals form anions
• For each negative charge, the ion has
one more electron than the neutral atom
– F = 9 p+ and 9 e−, F− = 9 p+ and 10 e−
– P = 15 p+ and 15 e−, P3− = 15 p+ and 18 e−
• Anions are named by changing the
ending of the name to -ide
fluorine F + 1e−  F− fluoride ion
oxygen O + 2e−  O2− oxide ion
33
Atomic Structures of Ions
• Metals form cations
• For each positive charge, the ion has one
less electron than the neutral atom
– Na atom = 11 p+ and 11 e−, Na+ ion = 11 p+ and 10 e−
– Ca atom = 20 p+ and 20 e−, Ca2+ ion = 20 p+ and 18 e−
• Cations are named the same as the metal
sodium Na  Na+ + 1e− sodium ion
calcium Ca  Ca2+ + 2e− calcium ion
34
Ion Charge and the Periodic Table
• The charge on an ion can often be
determined from an element’s position on
the Periodic Table
• Metals always form positively charged
cations
• For many main group metals, the charge =
the group number
• Nonmetals form negatively charged anions
• For nonmetals, the charge = the group
number − 8
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 35
Practice – What is the charge on
each of the following ions?
• potassium cation K+
• sulfide anion S2−
• calcium cation Ca2+
• bromide anion Br−
• aluminum cation Al3+

Al3 
38
2
S
Mg2
3
Al
Br 
39
Example 2.5: If copper is 69.17% Cu-63 with a mass of 62.9396 amu
and the rest Cu-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu, find copper’s atomic
mass
Given: Cu-63 = 69.17%, 62.9396 amu
Cu-65 = 100-69.17%, 64.9278 amu
Find: atomic mass, amu
Conceptual Plan:
Relationships: isotope masses, avg. atomic mass
isotope fractions
Solution:
Check: the average is between the two masses,

closer to the major isotope
40
Practice ─ Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and
abundance of 60.11% and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247
amu and abundance of 39.89%. Calculate the atomic
mass of gallium.
41
Practice – Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and abundance of 60.11%
and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247 amu and abundance of 39.89%.
Calculate the atomic mass of gallium.
Given: Ga-69 = 60.11%, 68.9256 amu
Ga-71 = 39.89%, 70.9247 amu
Find: atomic mass, amu
Conceptual Plan:
isotope masses,
Relationships: avg. atomic mass
isotope fractions
Solution:
Check: the average is between the two masses,

closer to the major isotope
42
1.4 CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Formulas Describe Compounds
• A compound is a distinct substance that is
composed of atoms of two or more elements
• Describe the compound by describing the
number and type of each atom in the simplest
unit of the compound
– molecules or ions
• Each element is represented by its letter symbol
• The number of atoms of each element is written
to the right of the element as a subscript
– if there is only one atom, the 1 subscript is not written
• Polyatomic ions are placed in parentheses
– if more than one
44
Representing Compounds
with Chemical Formula
• Compounds are generally represented with a
chemical formula
• The amount of information about the structure of
the compound varies with the type of formula
– all formula and models convey a limited amount of
information – none are perfect representations
• All chemical formulas tell what elements are in the
compound
– use the letter symbol of the element
45
Types of Formula:
Empirical Formula
• An empirical formula gives the relative
number of atoms of each element in a
compound
– it does not describe how many atoms, the order of
attachment, or the shape
– the formulas for ionic compounds are empirical
The empirical formula for the ionic compound fluorspar is CaCl2.
This means that there is 1 Ca2+ ion for every 2 Cl− ions in the compound.
The empirical formula for the molecular compound oxalic acid is CHO2.
This means that there is 1 C atom and 1 H atom for every 2 O atoms in
the molecule. The actual molecular formula is C2H2O4.
46
Types of Formula:
Molecular Formula
• A molecular formula gives the actual
number of atoms of each element in a
molecule of a compound
– it does not describe the order of attachment, or
the shape
The molecular formula is C2H2O4. This does not tell you that the carbon
atoms are attached together in the center of the molecule, and that each
is attached to two oxygen atoms.
47
Types of Formula:
Structural Formula
• A structural formula uses lines to represent
covalent bonds and shows how atoms in a
molecule are connected or bonded to each other
– it does not directly describe the 3-dimensional shape,
but an experienced chemist can make a good guess
at it
– each line describes the number of electrons shared
by the bonded atoms
• single line = two shared electrons, a single covalent bond
• double line = four shared electrons, a double covalent bond
• triple line = six shared electrons, a triple covalent bond
48
Structural Formula of Oxalic Acid
O O
H O C C O H
49
50
Practice — Find the empirical formula for
each of the following
Al2O3
The ionic compound that has two aluminum
ions for every three oxide ions
CH2O
arabinose, C5H10O5
H
H C
C2H2N
pyrimidine C N
C C
H N H
ethylene glycol CH3O
51
Compounds that Contain Ions
• Compound must have no total charge,
therefore we must balance the
numbers of cations and anions in a
compound to get 0 charge
• If Na+ is combined with S2−, you will
need two Na+ ions for every S2− ion to
balance the charges, therefore the
formula must be Na2S
52
Example 3.4: Write a formula for ionic compound that
forms between calcium and oxygen
1. Write the symbol for the metal cation

and its charge followed by the
symbol for the nonmetal anion and its
charge. Obtain charges from the Ca2+ O2−
element’s group number on the
periodic table.
2. Adjust the subscript on each cation
and anion to balance the overall CaO
charge.
3. Check that the sum of the charges of cations: +2
the cations equals the sum of the anions: −2
charges of the anions. The charges cancel.
53
Writing Formulas for
Ionic Compounds
1. Write the symbol for the metal cation and its
charge
2. Write the symbol for the nonmetal anion and
its charge
3. Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for
other ion
4. Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number
ratio
5. Check that the sum of the charges of the
cations cancels the sum of the anions
54
Example 3.3: Write the formula of a compound made
from aluminum ions and oxide ions
1. Write the symbol for the
metal cation and its charge Al3+ column 3A

nonmetal anion and its O2− column 6A
charge
3. Charge (without sign) Al+3 O2−
becomes subscript for other
ion
4. Reduce subscripts to Al2O3
smallest whole number ratio
5. Check that the total charge Al = (2)∙(+3) = +6
of the cations cancels the O = (3)∙(−2) = −6
total charge of the anions
55
Example: Writing formula for binary ionic
compounds containing variable charge metal
manganese(IV) sulfide
1. Write the symbol for the Mn4+
cation and its charge
S2-
anion and its charge
Mn4+ S2− Mn2S4
3. Charge (without sign)
ion MnS2
4. Reduce subscripts to
smallest whole number ratio Mn = (1)∙(4+) = +4
5. Check that the total charge S = (2)∙(2−) = −4
of the cations cancels the
56
Practice — What are the formulas for
compounds made from the following ions?
• Potassium ion with a nitride ion
• Calcium ion with a bromide ion
• Aluminum ion with a sulfide ion
57
• K+ with N3− K3N
• Ca2+ with Br− CaBr2
• Al3+ with S2− Al2S3
58
copper(II) ion with a nitride ion

Cu2+ with N3−
Cu3N2
iron(III) ion with a bromide ion
Fe3+ with Br− FeBr3
59
Example – Writing formula for ionic
compounds containing polyatomic ion
Iron(III) phosphate
1. Write the symbol for the Fe3+
cation and its charge
PO43−
anion and its charge
Fe3+ PO43− Fe3(PO4)3
3. Charge (without sign)
ion FePO4
4. Reduce subscripts to
smallest whole number ratio Fe = (1)∙(3+) = +3
PO4 = (1)∙(3−) = −3
5. Check that the total charge
60
aluminum ion with a sulfate ion
Al3+ with SO42− Al2(SO4)3

chromium(II) with hydrogen carbonate
Cr2+ with HCO3− Cr(HCO3)2
61
1.5 NAMING OF COMPOUNDS
Formula-to-Name
Rules for Ionic Compounds
• Made of cation and anion
• Some have one or more nicknames that are only
learned by experience
 NaCl = table salt, NaHCO3 = baking soda
• Write systematic name by simply naming the ions
 if cation is:
 metal with invariant charge = metal name
 metal with variable charge = metal name(charge)
 polyatomic ion = name of polyatomic ion
 if anion is:
 nonmetal = stem of nonmetal name + ide
 polyatomic ion = name of polyatomic ion
63
Naming Metal Cations
• Metals with variable
• Metals
Chargeswith invariant
 metals whose ions can
charge
– metals
havewhose
more than one
ions can
only have one
possible possible
charge
charge
determine charge by
• Groups 1A1+ & 2A2+, Al3+,
charge
Ag1+, Znon anion
2+, Sc 3+ and
cation
– cation name = metal name
 name = metal name
with Roman numeral
charge in parentheses
64
Naming Monatomic Nonmetal Anion
• Determine the charge from position on the
Periodic Table
• To name anion, change ending on the element
name to –ide
65
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds for
Metals with Invariant Charge
• Contain metal cation + nonmetal anion
• Metal listed first in formula and name
1. name metal cation first, name nonmetal anion
second
2. cation name is the metal name
3. nonmetal anion named by changing the ending on
the nonmetal name to -ide
66
Example: Naming Binary Ionic
with Invariant Charge Metal
CsF
1. Identify cation and anion
Cs = Cs+ because it is Group 1A
F = F− because it is Group 7A
2. Name the cation
Cs+ = cesium
3. Name the anion
F− = fluoride
4. Write the cation name first, then the anion name
cesium fluoride
67
Practice — Name the following compounds
1. KCl potassium chloride
2. MgBr2 magnesium bromide
3. Al2S3 aluminum sulfide
68
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds for
Metals with Variable Charge
• Contain metal cation + nonmetal anion
• Metal listed first in formula and name
1. name metal cation first, name nonmetal anion
second
2. metal cation name is the metal name followed by
a Roman numeral in parentheses to indicate its
charge
 determine charge from anion charge
 common ions Table 3.4
3. nonmetal anion named by changing the ending
on the nonmetal name to -ide

Determining the Charge on a
Cation with Variable Charge —
1. Au
Determine the charge S3anion
on 2the
Au2S3 : the anion is S, since it is in Group 6A, its charge is
2−
2. Determine the total negative charge
since there are 3 S in the formula, the total negative
charge is 6−
3. Determine the total positive charge
since the total negative charge is 6−, the total positive
charge is 6+
4. Divide by the number of cations
since there are 2 Au in the formula and the total
positive charge is 6+, each Au has a 3+ charge
70
Practice — Find the charge on the
cation
1. TiCl4 4 Cl = 4−,  Ti = 4+
2. CrO3 3 O = 6−,  Cr = 6+
3. Fe3N2 2 N = 6−,  3 Fe = 6+, Fe = 2+
71
Example: Naming binary ionic
with variable charge metal
CuF2
1. Identify cation and anion
F = F− because it is Group 7
Cu = Cu2+ to balance the two (−) charges from 2 F−
2. Name the cation
Cu2+ = copper(II)
3. Name the anion
F− = fluoride
4. Write the cation name first, then the anion name
copper(II) fluoride
72
Name the following compounds
1. TiCl4 titanium(IV) chloride
2. PbBr2 lead(II) bromide
3. Fe2S3 iron(III) sulfide
73
Compounds Containing Polyatomic
Ions
• Polyatomic ions are single ions that contain

more than one atom
• Often identified by parentheses around ion in
formula
• Name and charge of polyatomic ion do not change
• Name any ionic compound by naming cation first
and then anion
74
Some Common Polyatomic Ions
75
Patterns for Polyatomic Ions
1. Elements in the same column form similar

polyatomic ions
same number of O’s and same charge
ClO3− = chlorate  BrO3− = bromate
2. If the polyatomic ion starts with H, add
hydrogen- prefix before name and add 1 to the
charge
CO32− = carbonate  HCO3− = hydrogen carbonate
76
Periodic Pattern of Polyatomic
Ions
-ate groups
77
Patterns for Polyatomic Ions
• -ate ion
chlorate = ClO3−
• -ate ion + 1 O  same charge, per- prefix
perchlorate = ClO4−
• -ate ion – 1 O  same charge, -ite suffix
chlorite = ClO2−
• -ate ion – 2 O  same charge, hypo- prefix, -ite
suffix
hypochlorite = ClO−
78
Example: Naming ionic compounds
containing a polyatomic ion
Na2SO4
1. Identify the ions
Na = Na+ because in Group 1A
SO4 = SO42− a polyatomic ion
2. Name the cation
Na+ = sodium, metal with invariant charge
3. Name the anion
SO42− = sulfate
4. Write the name of the cation followed by the
name of the anion
sodium sulfate
79
Example: Naming ionic compounds
containing a polyatomic ion
Fe(NO3)3
1. Identify the ions
NO3 = NO3− a polyatomic ion
Fe = Fe3+ to balance the charge of the 3 NO3−
2. Name the cation
Fe3+ = iron(III), metal with variable charge
3. Name the anion
NO3− = nitrate
4. Write the name of the cation followed by the
name of the anion
iron(III) nitrate
80
Name the Following Compounds
1. NH4Cl ammonium chloride
2. Ca(C2H3O2)2 calcium acetate
3. Cu(NO3)2 copper(II) nitrate
81
Hydrates
• Hydrates are ionic compounds containing a
specific number of waters for each formula unit
• Water of hydration often “driven off” by heating
• In formula, attached waters follow ∙
 CoCl2∙6H2O
• In name attached waters indicated by
prefix+hydrate after name of ionic compound
 CoCl2∙6H2O = cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
 CaSO4∙½H2O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate
82
Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
83
Practice
What is the formula of
magnesium sulfate heptahydrate?
Mg2+ + SO42−
MgSO4
What is the name of NiCl2•6H2O?MgSO47H2O
Cl−  Ni2+
nickel(II) chloride
nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate
84
Writing Names of Binary
Molecular Compounds of Two
1. Nonmetals
Write name of first element in formula
a) element furthest left and down on the Periodic Table
b) use the full name of the element
2. Writes name the second element in the formula
with an -ide suffix
a) as if it were an anion, however, remember these
compounds do not contain ions!
3. Use a prefix in front of each name to indicate the
number of atoms
a) Never use the prefix mono- on the first element
85
Subscript – Prefixes
• 1 = mono- • 6 = hexa-
 not used on first nonmetal
• 2 = di- • 7 = hepta-
• 3 = tri- • 8 = octa-
• 4 = tetra- • 9 = nona-
• 5 = penta- • 10 = deca-
• Drop last “a” if name begins with a vowel
86
Example: Naming binary molecular
BF3
1. Name the first element
boron
2. Name the second element with an –ide
fluorine  fluoride
3. Add a prefix to each name to indicate the
subscript
monoboron, trifluoride
4. Write the first element with prefix, then the
second element with prefix
a) drop prefix mono from first element
boron trifluoride
87
Name the Following
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride
I 2 F7 diiodine heptafluoride
88
Example: Binary Molecular
dinitrogen pentoxide
• Identify the symbols of the elements
nitrogen = N
oxide = oxygen = O
• Write the formula using prefix number for subscript
di = 2, penta = 5
N2O5
89
Write Formulas for the Following
dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4
sulfur hexafluoride SF6
diarsenic trisulfide As2S3
90
Name the Following
H2S hydrosulfuric acid
HClO3 chloric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
91
Example: Binary Acids
hydrosulfuric acid
in all acids the
1. Write the symbol for the cation H+
cation is H+
and its charge
S2− hydro means
2. Write the symbol for the anion
binary
and its charge
H+ S2− H2S
3. Charge (without sign) becomes
subscript for other ion
4. Add (aq) to indicate dissolved H2S(aq)
in water
5. Check that the total charge of H = (2)∙(1+) = +2
S = (1)∙(2−) = −2
the cations cancels the total
charge of the anions
92
Example: Oxyacids
carbonic acid
in all acids the
1. Write the symbol for the cation H+
cation is H+
and its charge
CO32− no hydro means
2. Write the symbol for the anion
polyatomic ion
and its charge
-ic means -ate ion
3. Charge (without sign) becomes
H+ CO32− H2CO3
subscript for other ion
4. Add (aq) to indicate dissolved
H2CO3(aq)
in water
5. Check that the total charge of H = (2)∙(1+) = +2
CO3 = (1)∙(2−) = −2
the cations cancels the total
charge of the anions
93
Example: Oxyacids
sulfurous acid
1. Write the symbol for the in all acids the
cation and its charge H+
cation is H+
2. Write the symbol for the no hydro means
SO32−
anion and its charge polyatomic ion
3. Charge (without sign) -ous means -ite ion
becomes subscript for other H+ SO32− H2SO3
ion
4. Add (aq) to indicate H2SO3(aq)
dissolved in water
5. Check that the total charge H = (2)∙(1+) = +2
SO3 = (1)∙(2−) = −2
94
1.5 BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
Chemical Equations
• Shorthand way of describing a reaction
• Provides information about the reaction
– formulas of reactants and products
– states of reactants and products
– relative numbers of reactant and product
molecules that are required
– can be used to determine weights of reactants
used and products that can be made
96
Combustion of Methane,
Balanced
• To show the reaction obeys the Law of Conservation
of Mass the equation must be balanced
– we adjust the numbers of molecules so there are equal
numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the
arrow
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
O O O O
H H H H
C + + C + +
H H
O O O
O H H
1C + 4H + 4O 1C + 4H + 4O
Chemical Equations
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
• CH4 and O2 are the reactants, and CO2 and H2O
are the products
• The (g) after the formulas tells us the state of
the chemical
• The number in front of each substance tells us
the numbers of those molecules in the reaction
– called the coefficients
98
Chemical Equations
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
• This equation is balanced, meaning that there
are equal numbers of atoms of each element on
the reactant and product sides
– to obtain the number of atoms of an element, multiply
the subscript by the coefficient
1C1
4H4
4O2+2
99
Symbols Used in Equations
• Symbols used to indicate state after
chemical
– (g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid
– (aq) = aqueous = dissolved in water
100
Example 3.22: Write a balanced equation for
the combustion of butane, C4H10
Write a skeletal equation C4H10(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Balance atoms in complex 4C1x4

substances first C4H10(l) + O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + H2O(g)
10  H  2 x 5
C4H10(l) + O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)
Balance free elements by 13/2 x 2  O  13
adjusting coefficient in C4H10(l) + 13/2 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)
front of free element
If fractional coefficients, {C4H10(l) + 13/2 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)}x 2

multiply thru by 2 C4H10(l) + 13 O2(g)  8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
denominator
Check 8  C  8; 20  H  20; 26  O  26
101
Practice
when aluminum metal reacts with air, it
produces a white, powdery compound,
aluminum oxide
– reacting with air means reacting with O2
aluminum(s) + oxygen(g) aluminum oxide(s)
Al(s) + O2(g)  Al2O3(s)
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Al2O3(s)
102
Practice
Acetic acid reacts with the metal aluminum to make
aqueous aluminum acetate and gaseous hydrogen
– acids are always aqueous
– metals are solid except for mercury
Al(s) + HC2H3O2(aq)  Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) + H2(g)
2 Al(s) + 6 HC2H3O2(aq)  2 Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)
103

Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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CHM 092

Propane – contains Table salt – contains

Occurrence Outside of the In the nucleus In the nucleus

Mass (g) 0.00091 x 10-27 1.67262 x 10-27 1.67493 x 10-27

Relative mass 0.00055 1.00727 1.00866

Some symbols are come

• Abundance = relative amount found in a sample

Conceptual Plan: atomic

symbol atomic & mass # n0

Check: for most stable isotopes, n0 ≥ p+

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 37

Check: the average is between the two masses,

Check: the average is between the two masses,

ethylene glycol CH3O

1. Write the symbol for the metal cation

2. Write the symbol for the

• Calcium ion with a bromide ion

• Aluminum ion with a sulfide ion

• Ca2+ with Br− CaBr2

• Al3+ with S2− Al2S3

copper(II) ion with a nitride ion

iron(III) ion with a bromide ion

Fe3+ with Br− FeBr3

aluminum ion with a sulfate ion

Al3+ with SO42− Al2(SO4)3

Cr2+ with HCO3− Cr(HCO3)2

1. KCl potassium chloride

2. MgBr2 magnesium bromide

3. Al2S3 aluminum sulfide

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

3. Fe3N2 2 N = 6−,  3 Fe = 6+, Fe = 2+

2. PbBr2 lead(II) bromide

3. Fe2S3 iron(III) sulfide

• Polyatomic ions are single ions that contain

1. Elements in the same column form similar

1. NH4Cl ammonium chloride

2. Ca(C2H3O2)2 calcium acetate

3. Cu(NO3)2 copper(II) nitrate

• Drop last “a” if name begins with a vowel

PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride

sulfur hexafluoride SF6

diarsenic trisulfide As2S3

HClO3 chloric acid

HNO2 nitrous acid

Balance atoms in complex 4C1x4

If fractional coefficients, {C4H10(l) + 13/2 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)}x 2

2 Al(s) + 6 HC2H3O2(aq)  2 Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

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