ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF Lecture # 4A

SLENDER COLUMNS
FOCUS

Introduction and Basic Concepts

Sway and Non Sway Frames

P – delta effects

Slenderness Ratio

Analysis of Sway Frames

Analysis of Non Sway Frames

Design Problems
LONG COLUMNS - INTRODUCTION
Long Columns are also called as Slender Columns
Columns with eccentric loading, cause induction of moment
 If the length / height of column is less then deflection will be less i.e. P - ∆ is
negligible
 If the length / height of Columns is large then deflection will be large i.e. P - ∆ is
notable
 All those columns which has P - ∆ moments (secondary moments) are significantly
larger than primary moment such that it aggressively reduce the strength of column
are known as long / slender columns

Exact analysis of long columns is very complicated but ACI code

provide certain guidelines.
SWAY & NON SWAY FRAMES
Effect of P-∆ is largely influenced by Type of Frame i.e.
 Sway or Non Sway

A Sway frame is one, which in not properly braced against lateral

translation
A Non Sway is the one which is properly braced against lateral
translation
SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
Slenderness is defined by ratio of unsupported length to its least radii
of gyration
Larger is the slenderness, larger is the possibility of buckling, lesser is
the strength of column
Usually, RC columns have smaller slenderness rations hence they can
be design as short columns
But if slenderness effects are more pronounces then proper design
considerations as required as long column
SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
Unsupported Length
 The length of a column between points of restraint against lateral translation i.e.
supports

Effective Length
 The length of column between points of zero moment
 Usually it is obtained by multiplying effective length factors
 Unless analysis proves, in no case, effective length factor of RC columns be taken less
than 1
 For unbraced columns, the effective length factor may be larger than 1.00
K FACTORS
ALIGNMENT CHARTS
K Factor for different end conditions and for continuous frames
It depends on relative flexural stiffens of columns to beams at a
particular joint
Alignment charts are useful for manual calculations
Two categories
 Sway Frames / Braced Frames
 Non Sway / unbraced Frames

In the expression EI / L
 Beams uses 0.35 I
 Columns uses 0.70 I
ALIGNMENT CHARTS
K FACTOR EQUATIONS
For computer programs, an alternate approach based on ACI 318-
05, reproduced from British Code of Standard Practice.
For Braced Compression Members,

For unbraced Compression Members

FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS
It’s a preliminary requirement for the analysis of long columns in a
frame
First order analysis require determination of member sectional
properties
According to ACI 10.10.4.1
 Modulus of Elasticity
 Moment of Inertia:
 Beams : 0.35 I
 Columns : 0.70 I
 Wall Cracked : 0.35 I
 Wall Uncracked : 0.70 I
 Flat Slabs / Plates : 0.25 I
 Area : 1.0 Ag
FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS
ACI provides alternate rigorous equations for Moment of inertia of
columns and walls but not less than 0.35 Ig

For Beams and Flexural Members, following equation is used but value
should not be less than 0.25 Ig
WHEN SLENDERNESS BECOME CRITICAL?
Usually, slenderness is calculated using Kl/r
 K : Effective Length Factor
 L: Unsupported Length of Column
 r : Radii of gyrations
 For Circular Columns : 0.25 x dia of column
 For rectangular : 0.30 x dimension of columns about bending axis

For non sway frames, slenderness effects are neglected if

For sway frames, slenderness effects are neglected if

If Slenderness effects govern, then a second order theoretical analysis is required

AVOIDING SLENDER COLUMNS
Its always better to avoid slender columns, even in steel and RC
construction
If we do some modifications to sectional properties, certainly goal is
achieved
For braced frames, allowable kl/r should be less than 10 for ground
and first floor whereas for rest, it should be less than 14
For unbraced Columns, allowable kl/r is less than 6
EXAMPLE 1: SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
EXAMPLE 1: SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
EXAMPLE 1: SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
ACI ANALYSIS APPROACH
ACI gives three analysis techniques for slender columns
 Non linear Second Order Analysis (ACI 10.10.3)
 Least Used method
 Uses Nonlinear material approaches
 Mostly used through computer programs
 Elastic Second Order Analysis (ACI 10.10.4)
 Uses Elastic Material Properties
 Reduced Moments of Inertia and Areas
 Mostly used through computer programs
 Moment Magnifier Procedure (ACI 10.10.5)
 Easy to uses
 Separate approaches for Sway and Non Sway Frames
 Can be used by programmable calculator
MOMENT MAGNIFICATION – NON SWAY
FRAMES
Once a load is applied to a column, it deflects
Deflection further increase due to induced moment of deflection
 P-∆

The induced moment is known as secondary moments

Increase in Moment for Non Sway Frames is achieved by multiplying
primary moment with moment magnification factor
P = axial Load capacity of Column
Pc = Euler’s Buckling Load
EXAMPLE 2: MOMENT MAGNIFICATION
EXAMPLE 2: MOMENT MAGNIFICATION
MOMENT MAGNIFICATION
Sometimes, analyses show very less value of M2
ACI 10.10.16 recommend minimum value of M2 that must be used in
the analysis of slender columns (based on minimum eccentricity)

Moment magnifier is then calculated using following expression

MOMENT MAGNIFICATION – NON SWAY
Following steps are followed
1. Determine Ec = 57000√fc’ in psi
2. Ig = Gross Moment of Inertia of Column
3. Es = 29 x 106 psi
4. Ise = Moment of inertia of steel about centroidal axis of section
5. ß = Ratio of sustained axial load to total factored axial load
6. Compute EI (If steel already known)
MOMENT MAGNIFICATION – NON SWAY
1. Or calculate EI if steel has not be calculated or selected

2. Determine Euler’s Buckling Load

3. Calculate Cm
EXAMPLE 3: DESIGN OF NON SWAY COLUMN
EXAMPLE 3: DESIGN OF NON SWAY COLUMN
EXAMPLE 3: DESIGN OF NON SWAY COLUMN
EXAMPLE 3: DESIGN OF NON SWAY COLUMN
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR – SWAY FRAME
Unbraced columns cause a significant reduction in buckling load
If the column is unbraced then its slenderness ratio should be less than
22 (to avoid slenderness effects)
If slenderness governs then
 Determine the end moments causing sway as designate then as Ms
 Determine the end moments causing no sway and designate them as Mns
 Determine moment magnification by either of following expressions
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR – SWAY FRAME
Calculate the design moments as following expression
EXAMPLE 4: DESIGN OF SWAY FRAME
EXAMPLE 4: DESIGN OF SWAY FRAME
EXAMPLE 4: DESIGN OF SWAY FRAME