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Hospital Instrumentation
• SA Node
• AV Node
• Bundle of
His
• Bundle
Branches
• Purkinjie
Fibers
• SA: serves as a pacemaker for the heart ,fires
electrical impulses but under control of the central
nervous system
• AV: Operate like a delay line to retard the
advance of action potential along the internal
electroconduction system toward the ventricles
• Purkinje Fibers: Excite the muscle cells of the
ventricles
• The contaraction of many muscles cells at one
time creates electrical signal that can detected by
electrodes
• Sequence: Depolarization occurs in the sinoatrial
(SA) node; current travels through internodal tracts
of the atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node; then
through Bundle of His, which divides into right and
left bundle branches; left bundle branch divides
into left anterior and posterior fascicles.
ECG Review
Electrocardiograph (ECG)
• Components:
– P wave = Atrial Contraction
– QRS Complex = Ventricular Systole
– T Wave = Refractory Period
• Typical measurement from right arm to left arm
• Also see 1 mV Calibration pulse
Different Segments of ECG
Depolarization:Electrical activation of the
myocardium.
Repolarization: Restoration of the electrical potential
of the myocardial cell.
P wave: the sequential activation (depolarization) of
the right and left atria
QRS complex: right and left ventricular depolarization
(normally the ventricles are activated
simultaneously) 0.06 to 0.10 seconds
ST-T wave: ventricular repolarization
PR interval: time interval from onset of atrial
depolarization (P wave) to onset of ventricular
depolarization (QRS complex) P-R interval is 0.12 to
0.20 seconds
Different Segments of ECG (Cont.)
Different leads
result in
different
waveform
shapes and
amplitudes due
to different view
and are called
leads
Cardiac Axis by different Leads
LL LL LL
Einthoven
Triangle:
Note potential
difference for each
lead of triangle
LL LL LL
Types of Leads
• Configuration
used with
Unipolar Chest
Leads where
RA LA and LL
are summed in
resistor network
and this is sent
to the inverting
input of an
amplifier
Electrocardiograph Traces from
different leads
Normal ECG with RA, LA, LL connected
Would like to analyze what type of common mode voltage (CMV) can be derived
Common Mode Voltage (CMV)
• If 2 inputs are hooked together into a differential
amplifier driven by a common source with
respect to ground the common mode voltage
should be the same and the ideal output should
be zero however practically you will see a
voltage.
• CMV is composed of 2 parts:
– DC electrode offset potential
– 60Hz AC induced interference caused by magnetic
and electric fields from power lines and transformers
• This noise is a current from in signal, common and ground
wires
• Capacitively coupled into circuit
• (Other markets that work at 220-240 V will experience 50Hz
noise)
Analysis to reduce noise in
ECG
• Common Mode Rejection:
– Instrumentation amplifier
(EX. INA128) using a
differential amplifier which
will cancel much of the 60
Hz and common DC offset
currents to each input
– If each signal is carrying
similar noise then the some
of the noise will subtract out
with a differential amplifier
Analysis to reduce noise in
ECG
R and C
should be
switched
because this is
really a LPF
Affect of High Pass Filter of A5
• Feedback through HPF has a
time constant of RC
• 3 Modes:
– Diagnostic Mode (most time) where
RC = 1x10-6F*3.2x106Ώ = 3.2 sec
Cutoff Freq = 1/(2πRC) = 0.05Hz
– Monitor Mode (medium time) where
RC = 1x10-6F*318x103Ώ = 0.318 sec
Cutoff Freq = 1/(2πRC) = 0.5Hz
Drawn Incorrectly – Quick Restore (least time) where
R and C should be RC = 1x10-6F*80x103Ώ = 0.08 sec
switched Cutoff Freq = 1/(2πRC) = 2Hz
With Feedback the DC offset is eliminated
and thus can have a gain of 50 on the
2nd Non-inverting Amplifier Stage
without Saturating the Circuit
Defribillator
Electromyography (EMG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrooculography (EOG)
Electro-Surgery Unit (ESU)
Filtering
Electro-Surgery Unit (ESU)
Filtering
Vs
FH
Frequency
• Low Pass Filters will pass frequencies lower than cutoff frequency of
FH =1/2RC
Vs
FL
• High Pass Filters will pass frequencies greater than cutoff frequency
of FL =1/2RC
Circuit Schematic of an example of ECG
•Lead I (LA – RA) means LA is going to the noninverting input and RA is going to
inverting input
•Precordial are the chest leads
Block diagram of Entire ECG Circuit
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU
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