EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

TOOL WEAR BY CHANGING THE

CUTTING FLUID AS MACADAMIA
OIL AND PECAN OIL
 ABSTRACT
Cutting fluids are used in machining for a variety of reasons
such as improving tool life, reducing work-piece thermal
deformation, improving surface finish. Mota and Machado
(1995) concluded that reducing cutting tool cost and
increased production can be achieved through the use of
appropriate cutting fluids. In this work soluble oil, water and
palm kernel oil were used as coolants in turning operations.
Tungsten carbide and HSS cutting tools were employed as
cutter with cutting speed of 355rpm. Turning was done under
dry condition and also using 3 coolants. Temperature and
Hardness values after each cut were recorded. The
microstructure of all the specimen was also done and
recorded
It was revealed that variation in the Hardness value of the
samples with progress in machining time is more with the use
of carbide tool compared to the HSS cutter .Samples cooled
with water exhibited the highest hardness value. Palm kernel
oil performed very well the specific functions of soluble oil as
cutting fluid which includes good chip formation, reduction of
heat generated and realization of a good surface finish The
analysis are shown in tabular and graphical form in chapters 3
and 4
 KEYWORDS
1. macadamia oil and pecan oil
2. Cutting fluids,
3. Mechanical properties,
4. effect
 INTRODUCTION
Cutting fluids are used in metal machining for a
variety of reasons such as improving tool life,
reducing work piece thermal deformation, improving
surface finish and flushing away chips from the
cutting zone. In the 19th-century machining practice,
it was not uncommon to use plain water. This was a
simple practice used to keep the cutter tool cool,
regardless of whether or not it provided any
lubrication at the cutting edge-chip interface. When
one considers that high-speed steel (HSS) had not
been developed then, the need to cool the tool
becomes all the more apparent. (HSS retains its
hardness at high temperatures while other carbon
tool steels do not).
 An improvement was soda water,
which better inhibited the rusting of machine slides.
These options are generally not used today because
better options are available. Lard was very popular in
the past. It is used less often today, because of the
wide variety of other options, but it is still a fine
option.
• Old machine shop training textbooks speak of using
red lead and white lead, often mixed into lard or lard oil
This practice has become obsolete because lead
• is hazardous to health, and excellent non-lead-
containing options are now available.
From the mid-20th century to the 1990s, 1, 1, 1-
trichloroethane was used as an additive to make some
cutting fluids more effective. In shop-floor slang, it was
referred to as "one-one-one". It has been phased out
because of its ozone-depleting and CNS-depressing properties

Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat

due to friction between the tool and the workpiece
and due to the energy lost during the deformation of
the material. The surrounding air independently is a
rather poor coolant for the cutting tool, because the
rate of heat transfer is low.
 MACADAMIA OIL
Macadamia oil (or macadamia nut oil) is the non-volatile oil
expressed from the nut meat of the macadamia (Macadamia
integrifolia) tree, a native Australian nut. Macadamia oil is
sometimes used in food as a frying or salad oil, and
in cosmetic formulations as an emollient orfragrance fixative.
oil's rich, cushiony skinfeel and high oxidative stability make it
especially suitable for heavy creams and suncare formulations.
Derivatives of macadamia oil in cosmetics include the light
emollient ethyl macadamiate and water-solublePEG-16 macadamia
glycerides.
Macadamia oil is an excellent botanical replacement for mink oil in
most applications. It is also used for hair.
Macadamia oil's INCI name is macadamia ternifolia seed oil.
 PECAN OIL
• Pecan oil is an edible pressed oil extracted from the pecan nut. Pecan oil is neutral in flavor
and takes on the flavor of whatever seasoning is being used with it. Pecan oil contains
9.5% saturated fat, which is less than in olive oil (13.5%),peanut oil (16.90%) or corn
oil (12.70%). It is also used as a massage oil and in aromatherapy applications.
• Pecan oil is considered a healthy oil as it is rich in monounsaturated fats, specifically oleic
acid, (52.0)[1] and low in saturated fats. It also contains linoleic acid (36.6%), and small
amounts of palmitic (7.1%), stearic (2.2%) and linolenic acids (1.5%).[1] The overall balance
of fatty acids in the oil may reduce LDL cholesterol (also known as "bad" cholesterol) and the
risk of heart disease.[1] [2]
• The main application of this oil is its use in cooking. It has a high smoke point of 470 degrees
F making it ideal for cooking at high temperatures and for deep frying.[3] The mild nutty flavor
gives this oil the unique ability to enhance the flavor of ingredients, making it a popular
component of salad dressings and dips. Pecan oil is much lighter than olive and is well suited
for everyday cooking. It also generally does not contain preservatives or additives. Pecan oil is
a good substitute for butter and other cooking oils, making it suitable for baking.[4] It is
recommended that the oil be refrigerated after opening to increase shelf life and
reduce rancidity.
• Pecan oil can sometimes be hard to find in local grocery stores because it is considered a
specialty oil; however, it can be purchased online through a number of manufacturers'
websites
 HSS AND CARBIDE TOOL
• HSS and CARBIDE is usually supplied in the T condition with a tensile strength
of 850/1000 N/mm2.

• HSS and CARBIDET steel is a popular grade of through-hardening alloy steel

due to its excellent machinability in the "T" condition. HSS and CARBIDET is
used in components such as gears, shafts, studs and bolts, its hardness is in
the range 248/302 HB. HSS and CARBIDET can be further surface-hardened to
create components with enhanced wear resistance by induction or nitriding
processing

817M40T - HSS and CARBIDET steel is a high tensile alloy steel renown for
its wear resistance properties and also where high strength properties are
required. HSS and CARBIDET is used in components subject to high stress
and with a large cross section. This can include aircraft, automotive and
general engineering applications for example propeller or gear shafts,
connecting rods, aircraft landing gear components
HSS TOOL IMAGE
CARBITE TOOL IMAGE
 HSS TOOL CUTTING FLUIDS TEST
TEMPERATU
RE
SPEED
SPECIMEN MATERIALS CUTTING CUTTING SPEED AFTER
TOOL FLUID TURNING
(RPM) (RPM)

1 EN21 HSS WATER

2 EN21 HSS DRY

CUTTING
3 EN21 HSS PECAN OIL

4 EN21 HSS MACADAMI

A OIL
 CARBIDE TOOL CUTTING FLUIDS TEST
SPECIMEN MATERIALS CUTTING CUTTING SPEED TEMPERATU
TOOL FLUID (RPM) RE
AFTER
TURNING
(RPM)

1 EN21 CARBIDE WATER

2 EN21 CARBIDE DRY

CUTTING

3 EN21 CARBIDE PECAN OIL

4 EN21 CARBIDE MACADAMI

A OIL
 ADVANTAGES OF USING CUTTING
FLUIDS
• Cools the work surface and tool
• Lubricates the interface between the work surface
and tool
• Flushes away some dust chippings, and swarf
• Reduces tendency for chip adhesion/pressure
welding to tool tip
• May improve resulting surface finish
• May increase tool life (see below)
• Allows higher cutting speeds
 DISADVANTAGES IN USING CUTTING
FLUIDS

• For certain Machine tools- A costly engineering system is

required for applying the fluid
• The fluid used has to be prepared and after use, filtered for
re-use of disposed
• Some fluids have a health risk if not used correctly causing
problems such as dermititus
• Some cutting materials are affected by thermal shock e.g.
cemented carbides. Use of cutting fluids should be avoided
for these materials
 APPLICATION

All machining process

 REFERENCES
• 1. Adegbuyi P.A.O. (2003) “Indigenous Oil as
• cutting fluid” Engineering and Technology
• Research journal, volume 1 no 1,page 15-25,
• Faculty of Engineering, Technology andEnvironmental Sciences,
Lagos State
• University, Lagos, Nigeria

2. El Baradie M. A., (1996) “Cutting fluids part

1: Journal on characterisation of material
processing technology” page 786-787
• 3. Radoslav Raki A., Zlata Raki B. (2002) “The
influence of the metal working fluids on
machine tool failures” volume 252 no 5-6:
page 438-444
• 4. Srikant R.R. (2001): Department of industrial
production, college of engineering, Gitam,
Visakhapatnan, India.
• 5. Greeley M. H., Devor R.E, Kapoor S. G.,
Rajagopalan N (2004).. “The influence of
• fluid management policy and operational
changes on metal working fluid functionality.
Journal on manufacturing science
• engineering. volume 126.
THANK YOU