Scientific Investigation

Presented by:

 Muhammad Usama
 Umer Alamgir
 Shargeel Qasim
 Ansar jutt
 M Kashif Malana
 Zeeshan Ghazanfar Ali
 Contents:

 Scientific Research

 Hall Marks of Scientific Research

 Obstacles to conducting SR in the management area

 Building blocks of scientific research

 The hypothetic deductive method

 Other types of research

1-Scientific Research:

Scientific research focuses on solving problems and pursues a step-by-step

logical, organized, and rigorous method to identify the problems, gather
data, analyze them in a organized way.
Apply both Applied and Basic research:

Applied Research:

For the specific purpose of business decision, where problems are carefully
identified, data scientifically gathered and analyzed, and conclusions drawn
in an objective manner for effective problem solving.

Basic Research:

Without specific purpose of business decision, it is for information base,

basically it is used to know the surrounding of any research.
The hallmarks of scientific research:

 1. Purposiveness

 2. Rigor

 3.Testability

 4. Replicability

 5. Precision and Confidence

 6. Objectivity

 7. Generalizability

 8. Parsimony
1.Purposiveness:

The research with a definite aim or purpose. The focus is on increasing the
commitment of employees to the organization, from this commitment, less
turnover, less absenteeism, and probably increased performance levels.

2. Rigor:

Based on strict process, step by step, sound methodological design,

theoratical base means more carefulness in research
3.Testability:

Assumption measure by test that are set, it can be employees or

organizational commitment
Testing logically by developing hypothesis(realistic).

4. Replicability:

It place more faith and credence in these findings, results of the tests of
hypotheses should be supported again and yet again when the same type of
research is repeated in other similar circumstances.
5. Precision and Confidence:

Precision refers to the closeness of the findings to reality based.

Or actual market based.
Confidence refers to the probability that our estimations are correct.

6. Objectivity:

It should be based on the facts of findings derived from actual data, and not on
our own subjective or emotional values.
 7. Generalizability:

Decision should be applicable in same general position, Obviously the wider

the range of the solutions generated by research, the more useful the
research is to the users.

8. Parsimony:

Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems that occur, and in

generating solutions for the problems, is always preferred to complex
research frameworks that consider an unmanageable number of factors.
Obstacles to conducting SR in the management area:

In the management and behavioral areas, it is not always possible to conduct

investigations that are 100% scientific, This is primarily because of
difficulties likely to be encountered in the measurement and collection of
data in the subjective areas of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and
perceptions.

It done when we restricting the generalizability in the findings of the

research.
Building blocks of scientific research:

Deduction and Induction:

 Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by

logical generalization of a known fact.

 Induction is a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this

basis arrive at conclusions, In other words, in induction we logically
establish a general proposition based on observed facts.
Building blocks:

 Observation
 Identification of problem area
 Theoretical frame work
 Hypothesis
 Construct concept & operational def
 Research design
 Data collection
 Analysis of data
 Interpretation of data
 Implementation
 Observation:

Manager is to determine whether there is a real problem, and if so, how

serious it is.

 Identification of problem area:

The manager might talk casually to a few customers to find out how they feel
about the products and customer service.
Organizational research, it would be culture, policy strategies.
 Theoretical frame work:

Meaningful integration of all the information gathered, it would be supply

services, promise to sales persons. we explain model.

 Hypothesis:

Testable answer to the research question.

 Construct concept & operational def:

Design the shape so it can be easily measured.

 Research design:

A research design is set up to decide on, among other issues, how to collect
further data.

 Data collection:

After these steps then we collect the arranged data done by that above
process.
 Analysis of data:

we analyze the data is accurate or not or want further study.

 Interpretation of data:

Interpretation the data so it can be more accurate to understand.

 Implementation:

After that procedure then we implement the data in the decision making
process.
The hypothetic deductive method:

The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method.

 1. Observation

 2. Preliminary information gathering

 3.Theory formulation

 4. Hypothesizing

 5. Further scientific data collection

 6. Data analysis

 7. Deduction
 Observation:

Observation is the first stage, in which one senses that certain changes are
occurring, or that some new behaviors, attitudes, and feelings are surfacing
in one‘s environment (i.e., the workplace).

 Preliminary information gathering:

Involves the seeking of information in depth, of what is observed. This could

be done by talking informally to several people in the work setting or to
clients, or to other relevant sources, thereby gathering information on what
is happening and why.
 Theory formulation:

The next step, is an attempt to integrate all the information in a logical

manner, so that the factors responsible for the problem can be
conceptualized and tested. The theoretical framework formulated is often
guided by experience and intuition.

 Hypothesizing:

Hypothesizing is the next logical step after theory formulation. From the
theorized network of associations among the variables, certain testable
hypotheses or educated conjectures can be generated. Hypothesis testing
is called deductive research.
 Further Scientific Data Collection:

After the development of the hypotheses, data with respect to each variable in
the hypotheses need to be obtained. In other words, further scientific data
collection is needed to test the hypotheses that are generated in the study.

 Data Analysis:

In the data analysis step, the data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if
the hypotheses that were generated have been supported.

 Deduction:

Deduction is the process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning

of the results of the data analysis.
 Other types of research:

Case studies:

 involve in-depth, contextual analyses of similar situations in other

organizations, where the nature and definition of the problem happen to be
the same as experienced in the current situation. However, if a particular
hypothesis has not been substantiated in even a single other case study, no
support can be established for the alternate hypothesis developed.
 Case study, as a problem solving technique, is not often undertaken in
organizations because such studies dealing with problems similar to the one
experienced by a particular organization of a particular size and in a
particular type of setting are difficult to come by.
Action research:

is sometimes undertaken by consultants who want to initiate change

processes in organizations.
In other words, action research methodology is most appropriate while
effecting planned changes.
Here, the researcher begins with a problem that is already identified, and
gathers relevant data to provide a tentative problem solution.
This solution is then implemented, with the knowledge.
Thank You…