INTRODUCTION TO

METABOLISM

Dr. Md. Rageeb Md. Usman

(M. Pharm., Ph.D., FAPP, FICPHS, FSRHCP, FRSH, FSPER)
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmacognosy

Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil

College of Pharmacy,
Chopda, Maharashtra, India
 Metabolism
• Term used to describe all the chemical
reactions occurring in an organism
• Break down chemistry is called catabolism
• Buildup (synthesis) chemistry is called
anabolism
• Most chemistry is assisted by proteins called
enzymes
 Objectives
• Recognize the difference between a macro and a
micronutrient.
• Recognize the role of antioxidants
• Be able to describe the role of enzymes and how
enzymes work
• Be able to explain the difference between Active and
passive transport
• Be able to explain simple diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion, Pumps, and exo/endocytosis
 Diet
• One’s diet is important to
one’s physical wellbeing
• The foods we eat supply our
body will energy and
building materials
• Energy is stored in the
macromolecules we
consume
• Building materials are
extracted from the
macromolecules we
consume
• Different foods have
different types of materials
 Sources of energy
• Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are sources of
energy for the body
• Energy is stored in the electrons associated with C-H
bonds
• Lipids contain the most of these bonds per gram and
so have the highest number of Calories
• A food Calorie contains sufficient energy to elevate 1
liter of water by 1 degree Celsius
• Energy from foods is converted to ATP: Cell energy
 Building Materials
• Building materials may
be consumed directly or
synthesized from
materials through
metabolic pathway
• A metabolic pathway is
a series of chemical
steps that lead to
molecules being
converted to different
forms
• “Essential” means must
be eaten
Micronutrients
• Materials needed in
very small amounts
• Vitamins: fine tune
body chemistry
• Minerals: structural
materials
• Water vs. Fat soluble
 Role of Antioxidants
• Metabolism
occasionally
produces free
radicals that
negatively affect
body chemistry
• Antioxidants are
molecules that
eliminate free
radicals preventing
damage to the cells
 Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins
– Specific because of conformational shape
• Enzymes are catalysts
– Catalyst: chemical that changes the rate of a reaction
without being consumed
– Recycled
• Enzymes reduce the activation energy of a
reaction
– Amount of energy that must be added to get a reaction
to proceed
Activation Energy
• Activation energy is
the amount of energy
that must be supplied
to get reactants to
form products
– is usually supplied by
heat
• Prevents reactions
from “just happening”
 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
• Exocytosis involve the movement of
macromolecule out of the cell by the fusion of
membrane bound vesicles to the plasma
membrane
• Endocytosis involves the movement of
macromolecule into the cell by the pinching of
the plasma membrane into membrane bound
vesicles
– Phagocytosis
– Pinocytosis
 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis:
ingestion of
large particle
• Pinocytosis:
ingestion of
small mixed
solutes