ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The opportunity given to us by Indian Railways to learn and study about their signaling
and communication techniques over local area network and their state of the art devices
and telecommunication devices like modems, routers, batteries and their optical fiber
network splicing techniques will make a real difference in our engineering aptitude,
knowledge and abilities.
I would like to thank all those who helped me by giving their valuable thoughts and
information without them it will be difficult for me to complete this project I am obliged
and honoured in expressing the deep sense of gratitude to my training instructor Mr. Y.S.
YADAV (S.S.E/Tele/NW) of Jaipur Headquarters for his helpful guidance and suggestion at
every stage of this report.
 PREFACE
Engineering students gain theoretical knowledge only through books. Only
theoretical knowledge is not sufficient for absolute mastery in any field.
Theoretical knowledge in our books is not of much use without knowing its
practical implementation. It has been experienced that theoretical knowledge
is volatile in nature; however practical knowledge imparts solid foundation in
our mind.
This report is in fact a summary of, what I have learnt and seen during my
training in Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) Office, Jaipur
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
• ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAY
• SIGNALING & TELECOMMUNICATION
• TRAINING SCHEDULE
• DATA LOGGER SYSTEM(DLMC)
• RAILNET
• TEST ROOM
• EXCHANGE
• OPTICAL FIBER CABLE(OFC)
• LAND LINE COMMUNICATION
• PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM(PRS)
• PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM(IPIS)
• CONCLUSION
ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAY :-
Indian Railways (IR) is India's national railway system operated
by the Ministry of Railways. It manages the fourth-largest
railway network in the world by size, with 121,407 kilometres
(75,439 mi) of total track over a 67,368-kilometre (41,861 mi)
route. 49% of the routes are electrified with 25 KV AC electric
traction while 33% of them are double or multi-tracked.

IR runs more than 13,000 passenger trains daily, on both long-distance and
suburban routes, from 7,349 stations across India.[3] The trains have a five-digit
numbering system. Mail or express trains, the most common types, run at an
average speed of 50.6 kilometres per hour (31.4 mph).In the freight segment, IR runs
more than 9,200 trains daily. The average speed of freight trains is around 24
kilometres per hour (15 mph).

As of March 2017, IR's rolling stock consisted of 277,987 freight wagons, 70,937
passenger coaches and 11,452 locomotives. IR owns locomotive and coach-
production facilities at several locations in India. The world's eighth-largest employer,
it had 1.308 million employees as of March 2017.
In the year ending March 2018, IR is projected to carry 8.26 billion passengers and
transport 1.16 billion tons of freight. In the fiscal year 2017-18, IR is projected to have
earnings of ₹1.874 trillion (US$28 billion), consisting of ₹1.175 trillion (US$18 billion) in
freight revenue and ₹501.25 billion (US$7.5 billion) in passenger revenue, with an
operating ratio of 96.0 percent.

HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAY :-

The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 1832. The country's first train,
Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran from
Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. In 1845, the Godavari Dam
Construction Railway was built by Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone
for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River.

India's first passenger train, hauled by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan),
ran for 34 kilometres (21 mi) with 400 people in 14 carriages on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad
gauge track between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April 1853. The Dapoorie
viaduct, India's first railway bridge, was built over the Ulhas River when the Mumbai-Thane
line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854.
In 1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi; it was
later extended to Bhopal.[19] Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM)
was introduced in New Delhi.[20] In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier coaches and a sleeper
class (separate from second class) were introduced on IR. The CONCERT system of
computerized reservations was deployed in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September
1996.
Signaling and Telecommunication :-

IR uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based
on traffic density and safety requirements.
As of March 2017, around 2,850 km (1,770 mi) of the route uses automatic block signalling for
train operations - concentrated in high density routes, large cities and junctions.
Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by
signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations. Few low density routes still use
manual block signalling methods with communication on track clearance based on physical
exchange of tokens. In a few sections, intermediate block signalling is provided to further
enhance line capacity with minimal investment. As of March 2017. 501 block sections have
intermediate block signals on IR.

IR primarily uses coloured signal lights, which replaced semaphores and disc-based signalling
(dependent on position or colour). IR uses two-aspect, three-aspect and four (or multiple)
aspect color signalling across its network.

Signals at most stations are interlocked using Panel Interlocking, Route-Relay Interlocking or
Electronic Interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors. IR uses track
circuiting, and block proving axle counters for train detection.

As of March 2017, 5584 stations across IR (about 90% of stations on Broad Gauge) have
interlocked stations and multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes (A, B, C and D) have
track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection. Also, IR has about
51,000 route kilometers of Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) network across India, that is used for train
control, voice and data communication. Around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) of route is covered by
GSM-R based Mobile Train Radio Communication.

In December 2017, IR announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and
control on key routes with an investment of ₹12,000 crore (US$1.8 billion).[56] Currently IR
uses Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) on the busy Ghaziabad - Kanpur route and real-time train
monitoring systems on Mumbai and Kolkata suburban routes.
DATA LOGGER SYSTEM :-
The status of various Railway Signal Control and interlocking
relays are essentially to be logged in order to verify, diagnose
its operation, maintenance and faults. Data logger logs the
change of status of every relay connected to it. Logged data
transmitted upon to the central place to generate various
exceptions, reports and other information by application
software.

Salient Features:
• Micro-Processor based system
• Maximum 4096 opto isolated digital inputs @ 16 mSec
sampling and 96 individually isolated analog input voltage
channels @ 1 Sec.
• Non-volatile data storage (more than 26 lacks) in NAND
Flash and can be retrieved into Memory Card.
• LCD, LED and Key Board interface for User interaction
• Printer interface for Hard copy of logged data
• 8 serial communication ports with high data rates
• In built dual Modem for network
• Suitable for different types of Communication media like
1. Main telecom cable
2. Quad Cable
 3. Analog Channel of OFC, digital microwave and analog microwave 64KBPS data
channel on OFC or digital microwave and E1 Data Channel with 2MBPS
• Potential free relay contacts to control from central place
• Audio – Visual alarms on exceptions and faults

Front End Processor: It buffers Data between server and data logger network and sends
data to CMU
• Multiple serial ports (max 9 ports) to connect network in various points
• Software filter for Redundant data
• 10 lacks events storage

Network Management of Data Loggers (NMDL) :-

• Front end application software at central control place status of all the data loggers in the
network
• Online status of digital/analog inputs
• Data selective viewing
• Online graphical mimic display of every station layout
• Auto backup on exceeding configured size of data base.
On-Line Station Simulation:-
• Supervisory System for easy Maintenance of Data logger Network.
• On-line Asset-Failure Alarms.
o Auto SMS of Asset Failure.
o Auto Mailing Facility of Asset-Failure Reports.
• On-line/Offline Yard Simulation.
• Asset Lifetime Alerting.
• Log of events Report.
• Power Supply variation as Graphs.
• Summary Report of Asset Failures.
RAILNET
INTRODUCTION :- Rail net is an internet for railways. The rail net is a railway open system for
quick data transmission and data using resources at different places. it is purely under railway
and information and data are collected at the headquarter through different divisions and unit
consists of main switch ,web server , switch, hub, router, modem, LAN and WAN extenders and
pc’s that are considered as the nodes . day to day report of each division are send to the
headquarter to Delhi. There are several advantages of rail net in railways in different fields such
that important information and data can be transformed from one division to other division.
Within less time in railways current position of train can be obtained in PRS. The connectivity of
different reservation take place with the help of rail net and e-mail can be sent to a fax machine
etc.
Rail net is nothing but an interconnection and infrastructure medium of different railway zone
and division in the Indian railway.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TECHNOLOGIES:-

TECHNOLOGY

LAN WAN

TOPOLOGIES

BUS TREE STAR

RING
WAN TECHNOLOGY :- In rail net wide area network is used .Typically WAN consists of no. of
interconnected switching nodes. A Trans from any one device is routed through these internal
nodes to the specific destination device. Wan connect network across longer distances, such
as between cities or across continents.

ETHERNET:-

tx+ tx- rx+ rx-

The above diagram shows transmission of data in a 2 wire line. Now tx+ is connected
with rx+ and txt- with rx- otherwise transmission of data is not possible.
 EXCHANGE AND TEST ROOM :-
PRIMARY DIGITAL MULTIPLEXER : CMUX 128 provides a cost effective solution for the
interconnection of a whole range of voice and data interfaces required in communications
networks, where multiple locations are connected over fat pipes and a small pipe has to be
dropped at each location. Large enterprises like railways, army and utility companies who own
their own networks are users of this product segment.
FEATURES :-
Economical, Scaleable and Reliable :- The unit can be
easily configured as a Terminal, Drop Insert, Non-
blocking or Branching/Cross Connect Multiplex, simply
by installing the appropriate cards in the shelf. The
multiplexer has cards which support a wide variety of
interfaces. Channel cards are available for voice and data
applications.
The software-controllable concept enables a powerful
method for configuring the equipment. The flexibility of
the CMUX 128 provides network operators the ability to
configure all performance parameters, including time
slot assignment, gain level and data transmission parameters either locally, using a PC/Laptop,
or via the network. In both cases user-friendly software enables reconfiguration at any time,
should the requirements for voice and data transmission grow or change. All the settings are
stored in a non-volatile memory that retains information even in power-down conditions.
Abundant Applications :- As a multi-service solution, the CMUX 128 can be used for voice
or data access in public and private networks. It combines E1 network lines with G.703,
RS232, V.35, E&M, FXS, and FXO client interfaces in a compact package.
They can also provide extensions for telephones in remote 'points of presence' (POPs) or
branch offices, as well as modem or fax terminals. In addition to its versatility of application
in public telecommunication networks, the CMUX 128 is ideal for use by utility companies
like railways, electricity, oil, gas and mining and for private telecommunication networks.
Easy to install and economical to maintain, the versatility and features of the CMUX 128
position this MUX as the ideal choice for meeting today's changing network needs.
Redundant Architecture
The CMUX 128 uses a distributed architecture design. This removes the inherent
limitations of centralized architecture, providing a scalable system with no single point of
failure.
Users can choose the level of network availability required for their application through
various redundancy options. In the CMUX 128, the CPU redundancy (1:1) and power supply
redundancy (1:1) protect against hardware failures. The E1 facility redundancy protects
against network failures as the CMUX128 can switch traffic to an alternate facility in the
event of a link failure.
Voice and Data Flexibility :- There are a total of 20 slots available in the chassis of which 2
slots are reserved for the CPU cards and another 2 slots are reserved for the power supply
unit. The remaining 16 slots can be used for installing access cards. The unit supports a wide
variety of interface options including Voice cards (FXS, FXO, E&M), Data cards (64kbps co-
directional, V.24, V.35, X.21, Ethernet, nx64kbps) and Network cards (E1). The unit comes in a
compact, metal chassis of 3U height, which uses a minimum amount of rack space. All cards
are fully configurable and have remote diagnostics through the CMUX 128 user interface.
Using these flexible configuration options, the MUX can be deployed in integrated voice and
data networks across the globe.
The unit comes in a compact, metal chassis of 3U height, which uses a minimum amount of
rack space. All cards are fully configurable and have remote diagnostics through the CMUX
128 user interface. Using these flexible configuration options, the MUX can be deployed in
integrated voice and data networks across the globe
Basically PD mux is a device which serves both as modulator , demodulator and multiplex
signals. It converts electric signal to digital signal.

STM :- STM stands for synchronous transmit module . it is used to produce 63 channel
stream output which is in the form of light.
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM :-
An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide made
of low-loss materials such as silica glass. It has a central
core in which the light is guided, embedded in an outer
cladding of slightly lower refractive index. Light rays
incident on the core-cladding boundary at angles greater
than the critical angle undergo total internal reflection and
are guided through the core without refraction. Rays of
greater inclination to the fiber axis lose part of their power
into the cladding at each reflection and are not guided.

As a result of recent technological advances in fabrication,

light can be guided through 1 km of glass fiber with a loss
as low as = 0.16 dB (= 3.6 %). Optical fibers are replacing
copper coaxial cables as the preferred transmission
medium for electromagnetic waves, thereby
revolutionizing terrestrial communications. Applications
range from long-distance telephone and data
communications to computer communications in a local
area network.
Advantages of optical fiber communication :-
1. Wider bandwidth: The information carrying capacity of a transmission system is directly
proportional to the carrier frequency of the transmitted signals. The optical carrier frequency
is in the range 1013 to 1015 Hz while the radio wave frequency is about 106 Hz and the
microwave frequency is about 1010 Hz. Thus the optical fiber yields greater transmission
bandwidth than the conventional communication systems and the data rate or number of bits
per second is increased to a greater extent in the optical fiber communication system. Further
the wavelength division multiplexing operation by the data rate or information carrying
capacity of optical fibers is enhanced to many orders of magnitude.

2. Low transmission loss: Due to the usage of the ultra-low loss fibers and the erbium
doped silica fibers as optical amplifiers, one can achieve almost lossless transmission. In the
modern optical fiber telecommunication systems, the fibers having a transmission loss of
0.002 dB/km are used. Further, using erbium doped silica fibers over a short length in the
transmission path at selective points, appropriate optical amplification can be achieved. Thus
the repeater spacing is more than 100 km. Since the amplification is done in the optical
domain itself, the distortion produced during the strengthening of the signal is almost
negligible.

3. Signal security: The transmitted signal through the fibers does not radiate. Further the
signal cannot be tapped from a fiber in an easy manner. Therefore optical fiber
communication provides hundred per cent signal security.
4. Small size and weight: Fiber optic cables are developed with small radii, and they are
flexible, compact and lightweight. The fiber cables can be bent or twisted without damage.
Further, the optical fiber cables are superior to the copper cables in terms of storage,
handling, installation and transportation, maintaining comparable strength and durability.

5.Dielectric waveguide: Optical fibers are made from silica which is an electrical
insulator. Therefore they do not pickup any electromagnetic wave or any high current
lightning. It is also suitable in explosive environments. Further the optical fibers are not
affected by any interference originating from power cables, railway power lines and radio
waves. There is no cross talk between the fibers even though there are so many fibers in a
cable because of the absence of optical interference between the fibers.
Fiber optic splicing :-
Optical fibres have to be joined together to make longer lengths of fibre or existing fibre
lengths which have been broken have to be repaired. Also the ends of the fibre have to be
fitted with convenient connectors (terminations) to allow them to be easily plugged into
equipment such as power meters, data transmitters, etc. Unlike electrical cables where all that
is needed is to solder lengths of cable together, the process of joining two fibres (splicing) or
terminating the end of a fibre is more complex and requires special equipment.
Splicing is the process of joining the two bare ends of two fibres together. The ends of the
fibre must be precisely lined up with each other, otherwise the light will not be able to pass
from one fibre across the gap to the other fibre. There are four main alignment errors and any
splicing technique is designed to deal with ends of these errors.

Possible alignment errors during splicing :- There four alignment errors in splicing optical
fibres. These are:-
Lateral
Axial
Angular
Poor End Finish

These are illustrated in the diagrams below.

Figure Lateral Misalignment Figure Angular Misalignment

There are two main types of splicing:
•Fusion Splicing
•Mechanical Splicing

2.10.2 Fusion Splicing:-

In fusion splicing the ends of the fibres are aligned either
manually using micro-manipulators and a microscope
system for viewing the splice, or automatically either
using cameras or by measuring the light transmitted
through the splice and adjusting the positions of the
fibres to optimise the transmission The ends of the fibres
are then melted together using a gas flame or more Figure: Fusion Splicing
commonly an electric arc. Near perfect splices can be
obtained with losses as low as 0.02 dB (best mechanical
splice 0.2 dB).

Figure: Fusion Splicer

Mechanical Splicing :-

In mechanical splicing the two fibre ends are held together in a splice. This consists of
some device usually made of glass which by its internal design automatically brings the
two fibres into alignment. The openings at each end of the device are usually fluted to
allow the fibres to be guided into the capillary where the alignment takes place. The splice
is fist filled with optical cement whose refractive index is the same as that of the core of
the fibre. After the fibres have been entered into the splice they are adjusted to give the
optimum transmission of light. At this point they are clamped in position and the whole
assembly is exposed to ultra-violet light which cures the cement.

Mechanical splices are best used for multimode fibre.

Some splices now exist which are suitable SM fibre, but
have a loss of 0.1dB. This is five times the loss of the
best fusion splice.
Figure: Mechanical Splice
LAND LINE COMMUNICATION:-
Communication means sending and receiving of signal between two stations through
different mediums. It plays a vital role for any system and becomes lifeline for the
concerned people who were being benefited for the system. In communication system
there are three essential components that should be considered:-

Sending(Tx)

RECEIVING(Rx)

Medium

This system is classified into various types according to the upgradation of technology
in the communication system from time to time.

1. OVERHEAD COMMUNICATION

Overhead communication is the most ancient and traditional method of communication that
was practice during early times. It includes bamboos and poles which wires were transferred
over a long distance.

DRAWBACKS
• Thefts
• No secrecy

• Faults due to contact, earth crust, break etc.

• Limitations of circuits

2.UNDERGROUND COMMUNICATION:- After the limitations found in overhead

communication, a new technology was found i.e. cable system that means a bunch of
conductors that were used for the signal transfer. These cables laid by digging the
ground approximated to 1 km. There are made several junctions at certain
distances(25km) so that the effective transfer of signal may be checked.

DRAWBACKS
• Total interruption with any fault(cut water entered)

• Theft

• Joining is difficult

• Equipment cost high.

PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM (PRS) :-
INTRODUCTION :- The Passenger Reservation System (PRS) is computerized reservation system
for any train from anywhere in country. This system has made the train journey quite
comfortable.
When PRS system was not developed a station could give the reservation to the customer.
Those train which get started from their station but after PRS get installed the customer can get
information about any train running in India.
The other facilities, which are offered by the PRS system, are the PNR enquiry and the train
accommodation availability .The system works both on the optical fiber cable and the
microwave communication at the data rate of 4.8 kbps or 9.6 kbps. The microwave system is
the standby medium of the data transfer and the optical fiber communication system is used as
the main transmission path. The main system is programmed according to the types and trains
and compartments.
There are mainly 4 servers in India. These are in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai and
Secundrabad.
EQUIPMENTS :-
The equipments used in PRS are:
Modem
Multiplexing equipment
End terminal
Modem
Modem are used for communication various computers or between computers and terminals
over ordinary or leased telephone lines. We can use modems to log on to micro, mini, main
frame computer for line processing. We can use them to connect two remote computers for
data.

Multiplexing :- It is the process of converting multi inputs signal into one output signal is known
as multiplexing.

Two types of data are there for transmission.

They are :
1) Analog data  FDM (Frequency division multiplexing)
2) Digital data  TDM (Time division multiplexing).
For speech frequency range is .3-3.4 kHz i.e. approx 0-4 kHz.
For acknowledgement telephone range of 3.85 kHz frequency is generated.

Suppose we have used 30 channels out of which 15 are in use and other 15 are ideal so in
order to resolve this problem is to use statistical multiplexing.
In case of statistical multiplexing we have dynamic slotting .in this case we use either 8 or
16 port mux and time slots are allotted dynamically.
The data is get multiplexed at the rate of 96 kbps. The multiplexer is generally of analog type.

End terminal :-
The end terminal of the system is the station where tickets are to be printed out. The
terminal consists of a company system with a dot matrix printer the no. of the total end
terminal at the station can be increased or decreased according to the multiplexer used.
PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM (PIS):-
APPLICATION OF P.A. SYSTEM:-

1. INTRODUCTION
P.A System is a type of communication, which can be used to communicate to a limited
public over a limited area. The basic function of an audio system is to deliver audible
and
recognizable sounds at comparatable level to the listener.
PA system comprises all the devices and networks that exist between a source of
sound
(or its electrical equivalent) and its point of final reproduction.

2. Application of P.A. system in Railways:

1. Passenger amenity: For giving the detailed information about the train arrivals,
departures, late running if any, and location of trains and any other important
information related to Railway users.

2. Marshalling Yards: Communication is being established between Yard Master

and Shunting men for the formation, reception and dispatch of trains, through
paging and talk-back systems.

3. Breakdown train Emergency Equipment: The P.A.System in ARTs (Accident

Relief Train) must be kept in working condition so that any accident occurs; it is
to be installed to guide the passengers and staff in rescue operations at the site
of accident.

4. Special functions: Local Minister, G.M., etc., officials and VIPs may address
some important functions such as Railway Week, felicitations, Scouts and
Guides rally, some social work meetings, cultural programmes etc. A quality P.A.
System needs to be installed.

5. Railway Workshops: To give the announcements pertaining to staff in

Workshops when required. And also for entertainment music during lunch hours.

6. Conferences: For conducting seminars, special lectures, administrative

meetings for a limited group of officials in conference halls. In every zone, a G.M.
Conference Hall is available. In these suitable conference systems were
permanently installed.
CONCLUSION :-

Indian Railways, as an organization is a very vast center of telecommunication in itself.

Today the telecommunicating world is getting its roots, grabbing the new era more firmly. We
think that our training was a success and we think that Indian Railways was an excellent
training institute for inquisitive emerging engineers. In Indian Railways, training is given to
engineering aspirant desiring to secure future in the dynamic world of Telecommunication.
The main achievements of the training at Indian Railways are that we got familiar with
the latest technologies and principles of networking. The main achievement could be said to
get knowledge about recent technologies of LAN. We got experience as to how to organize
the things. After the completion of the training we consider ourselves capable of facing any
other challenge of that type. The training at Indian Railways cultivated the zeal of
inquisitiveness and the excitement to know more than more about this field in limited
duration.