Chemical Engineering

Thermodynamics – I
ChE–214
Aqeel Ahmad TAIMOOR
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

 Joule-Thomson Effect

 The change of temperature of a gas when it is allowed to

expand without doing any external work.

 Constant enthalpy process

H1 (T1 , P1 )  H 2 (T2 , P2 )
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

Mollier
diagram
for
steam
Temperature
entropy
diagram for
steam.
Thermodynamic Properties of Methane
Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen
Thermodynamic Properties of HFC-134a
 Problem
Steam at 400 bar and 500°C undergoes a Joule-Thomson
expansion to 1 bar. Determine the temperature of the steam
after the expansion using

a. Temperature enthalpy diagram

b. The steam tables

 Problem
An adiabatic steady-state turbine is being designed to serve
as an energy source for a small electrical generator. The inlet
to the turbine is steam at 600°C and 10 bar, with a mass flow
rate of 2.5 kg/s through an inlet pipe that is 10 cm in
diameter. The conditions at the turbine exit are T = 400°C
and P = 1 bar. Since the steam expands through the turbine,
the outlet pipe is 25 cm in diameter. Estimate the rate at
which work can be obtained from this turbine.
Problem Schemtic
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

 Properties of Two Phase
Mixture
 With in the dome the “two phase region” the properties
are weighted:

  x11  x2 2

 The lever rule holds

Lever Rule
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

 Steam Engines
 Laws of thermodynamics were first encountered by man
when steam engines were developed.
 History of Steam Engines
 Boiling water was used as source of energy since 2000
years.

 When coal was discovered in England, it was mined

from the earth

 The mines after removal of coal get filled with water,

which is needed to be removed for mining to be carried
on.
History of Steam Engines
 History of Steam Engines
 Water is added to the piston and is boiled to steam thus
increasing pressure

 This lifts the piston up, followed by the removal of steam

from the valve thus piston comes down.

 The steam lost from the piston was not used and results
in the lost of immense amount of heat

 Furthermore it was then proposed that instead of taking

steam out, why not to condense the steam by cooling
water out side the piston

 In this way a steam engine was devised

Kelvin-Planck Observation
It is not possible to construct a device operating in a cycle
that results in no effect other than the production of work by
transferring heat from a single body. A schematic diagram
of a Kelvin-Planck device is shown below:
 Modern Steam engine
 Liquid water from a condenser is pumped into a boiler at
high pressure

 Fuel is burned and heat is transferred to convert this

water to high pressure steam

 This steam is then injected in to a turbine/Piston thus

producing mechanical work

 The steam is then again condensed

Modern Steam Engine
 Heat Engines
 No matter what one do heat is lost to the surroundings
to convert heat to work
 So work can be defined mathematically as
 W = QH – QC
 Efficiency = W/QH = (QH – QC)/QH = 1 – QC/QH
 There is no heat engine that can achieve the efficiency ‘η’
= 1 because QC is not zero practically
 The highest efficiency that can be achieved is by a engine
moving reversibly on an imaginary cycle called as
CARNOT’S ENGINE
 Heat & Work
 If ΔU and ΔH = 0 then both for close and open systems

 Q+W=0

 Q = -W

 It means that all the heat supplied results in the useful

work!

 In reality it is not true, all the heat cannot be converted

in to useful work

 So second law of thermodynamics takes its form!

 Second Law of
Thermodynamics
 No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect
(in system and surrounding) is to convert heat absorbed by a
system completely in to work done by the system

 No process is possible which consists solely in transfer of

heat from one temperature level to a higher one
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

Carnot’s Engine
 Carnot’s Engine

 For step 1 – 2 & 3 – 4

 ΔU = 0

 dW = -pdV

 W1-2 = -RTHln(V2/V1)

 W3-4 = -RTCln(V4/V3)

 Q1-2 = -W1-2 & Q3-4 = -W3-4

 Q1-2/Q3-4 = QH/QC = THln(V2/V1)/TCln(V4/V3)

 Carnot’s Engine

 For step 4 – 1 & 2 – 3

 CvdT = - RT/VdV

 ln(V2/V1) = ln(V3/V4)

 QH/QC = TH/TC

 η= 1 - QC/QH = 1 - TC/TH
 Problem
A central power plant, rated at 800000 kW, generates steam
at 585 K and discards heat to a river at 295 K. If the thermal
efficiency of the plant is 70% of the maximum possible
value, how much heat is discarded to the river at rated
power?
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy

 Carnot’s Engine
 QH/QC = TH/TC

 The above equation can be written as

 QH/TH = QC/TC

 The heat divided by temperature is taken from hot

reservoir and passed to cold reservoir.

 This thing ‘Q/T’ that is transferred is termed as entropy

 Entropy
 Entropy is defined in number of ways

 S = Q/T
 Entropy
 Entropy is a measure of degree of randomness
 At any level it is true
 Material level
 Thermal level
 Life! (Structure against Chaos)
 Absolute Time scale (Past to future is entropy increase,
my opinion)
 In thermodynamics we measure it as ‘Q/T’ or ‘klnΩ’
 Overall entropy change can never be negative
 Class Objectives
 Understand the Joule Thomson Effect

 Understand the thermodynamic diagrams

 Understand to calculate the properties in two phase

region

 Understand the second law of thermodynamics

 Understand the Carnot’s Engine

 Understand the concept of Entropy