Chordates

An Introduction
Kingdom Animalia- All inverts & verts
1. Phylum Chordata: All have nerve cords.
3 subphyla :
A- Urochordata (tunicates aka sea
squirts). Only larvae have notochord
B-Cephalochordata (lancelets aka
Amphioxus). Retain notochord
throughout adulthood, but “muscle-
like” for burrowing
C-Vertebrata- Notochord becomes
backbone. 7 Classes
Section 33-1

Concept Map
Chordates

have the following

key features

Dorsal hollow Postanal Pharyngeal

Notochord
nerve cord tail gill slits/ pouches

which is
The Generalized Structure of a Chordate:
Section 30-1

We even start out this way in the womb!

A flexible
supporting
Notochord
structure Muscle segments Hollow
nerve cord

Anus
Tail Mouth
Pharyngeal pouches
 Chordates

Shape of Life Chordates 4

Phylum Chordata

5
 Phylum Chordata
• Notochord
• Gill slits or
pharyngeal
pouches
• Dorsal hollow
nerve cord
• Postanal tail
• Segmented
muscles
• Deuterostome
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Evolutionary Adaptations of Chordates
• From filter feeding
ancestors to active
predators
– Mobility
– Oxygen capture
– Digestion
– Circulation
– Nervous system

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 Skeletal Changes
• Skeleton becomes
stronger to work with
bigger muscles
• Allows more rapid
movement

12
 Oxygen Capture
• Gill slit and muscular
pharynx will move more
water over gills
– More oxygen is extracted
from water

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 Circulation
• Stronger heart to
circulate blood faster

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 Digestion
• Digest more food
– Muscularized gut
– Digestive glands
• Liver
• Pancreas

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 Nervous System
• More complex for better
– Motor control of body to
capture food
– Sensory detection of the
animals environment
– Integration centers
(brain)

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Brain With Three Parts

Hindbrain
Midbrain Forebrain

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 Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of
Section 33-1
Chordates

Nonvertebrate chordates
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
 Checkpoint

1. What are the 4 traits that chordates display at

some point in their lives?
2. Give 5 examples of Adaptations that allow
animals to seek, pursue, and capture prey.
3. Are all vertebrates also chordates?
4. Are all chordates also vertebrates?
5. What is the difference between a notochord
and a dorsal nerve cord?
 Opening:
10/30/2018 Chordate Trait Review
Learning Target: Notochord vs. nerve cord
Students will Work Session:
understand the
difference between Simple Chordates and
simple chordates Vertebrate Notes
and vertebrates. Diagram Labeling

Closing:
Class Agnatha-Jawless Fish
with Intro Clips
 Chordate Cladogram

Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes

Nonvertebrate
chordates

Invertebrate ancestor
 Figure 33–4 Diversity of Chordates
Section 33-1

Nonvertebrate chordates
(4%)
Mammals
(8%)

Birds
(18%) Fishes
Reptiles (47%)
(14%)

Amphibians
(9%)
 Chordate Subphyla
Phylum. Chordata
Subphylum. Urochordata
Subphylum. Cephalochordata

Subphylum. Vertebrata

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Sea Squirts

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 Subphylum Urochordata
• Sea squirts (aka tunicate)
• Gill slits (pharyngeal slits)
• Notochord
– Only in larva
• Adult has tunic- made of
cellulose, sessile
• http://www.arkive.org/star-
ascidian/botryllus-
schlosseri/
• http://finstofeet.wordpress.c
25
om/2010/03/14/1-2-behold-
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27
Sea Squirt Metamorphorphosis

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https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=n8ARUKWPJAE
 Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Amphioxus (lancelets)
• Notochord length of
body
• Dorsal hollow nerve
cord
• Gill slits
• Segmented muscles
• Maintain all chordate
characteristics as adult
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 Amphioxus

https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=GPnPXsanclY

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Amphioxus

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 Subphylum Vertebrata:
All Vertebrates have:
• Endoskeleton- backbone
• Closed circulatory system
• Bilateral symmetry
• True coelom
• Sexual reproduction- internal or external

Vertebrate Groups- Fish, Amphibians,

Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
 Homeostasis

• Endothermic (warm-blooded)- internal temp.

regulation that must be maintained
Ex. Birds & Mammals

• Ectothermic (cold-blooded)- external temp.

regulation/ regulated by environment
Ex. Nonvertebrate chordates, Fish, Amphibians,
Reptiles
 Temperature Control in
Section 33-2

Chordates
Body Temperature (°C)

Environmental Temperature (°C)

98.6 F- avg human temp
 How vertebrates maintain their temperature
Animal Group Endo/ectotherm Behavior/structure
Fish Ectotherm Swim bladder:
Cold/move up
Hot/move down
Amphibian Ectotherm Cool/go in sun
Hot/go to water
Reptile Ectotherm Cool/bask
Hot/go to water
Birds Endotherm Cool/fluff feather
Hot/raise wings
Mammals Endotherm Sweat, pant,
shiver
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha
“Jawless” Fish (most primitive):
Traits:
-Sucker like mouth(no jaws)
-No fins or paired appendages
-Cartilage skeleton w/ notochord
Ex: lampreylamprey & hagfish hagfish
 Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes-Cartilage Fish
 Class: Chondricthyes
Traits:
• Cartilage skeleton; 2 chambered heart
• Lateral line system –detect vibrations (movement
& sense)
• Electroreception- ampullae of Lorenzini
• Paired appendages- pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Poor eyesight, great olfactory
• Carnivorous or scavenger, no swim bladder
• Ex: sharks, skates, rays
http://missbakersbiologyclass.com/blog/2009/
04/06/dogfish-shark-dissection-includes-
video/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTM0K6tEIo
A

dead shark live babies

Fish Scales
 Tails

Sharks and
rays

lungfish Bony fish

Fish Tail Cladogram
 Shark Pre-Lab-
Write and Answer on your own paper.
1. Most sharks are ovoviviparous. This means that
eggs develop__________ the body. Are they
attached to their mother?_____
2. What Class do sharks belong
to?____________________
3. Sharks lack swim bladders, how do they stay
afloat?
4. What is there liver filled with?
5. Sharks have gills, and spiracles on top of their head
to take in oxygen. How might the spiracles help?
6. How can you tell the difference between a male
and a female?
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Osteichthyes-
Bony Fish
Traits:
Bony skeleton; 2 chambered heart
Lateral line system/movement & sense
Swim bladder-control depth
(buoyancy)
Have operculum over gills
Good smell (olfactory) and eyesight
Ex: perch, bass, flounder
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNZQEmGp
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