Littoral 2010

Adapting to global change at the coast

London 21-23 September 2010

Good Practices

From an Environmental Strategy to a National

Integrated Coastal and Ocean Policy.
The Successful Mexican Experience

Dr. Isaac Azuz-Adeath

CETYS-University
Dra. Patricia Muñoz-Sevilla
CIIEMAD-National Polytechnic Institute
(México)
 Contents
• The Mexican Context
• Legal and Institutional Framework for Coastal
and Ocean Management
• The Inter-Ministerial Commission for the
Sustainable Use of Oceans and Coasts
• The National Policy for Oceans and Coasts
 The Mexican Context
• Mexico in the world
At
lan
tic
Oc
Gulf of California ea
n
or Cortes Sea
Gulf of

Pa
Mexico

Ca Se
cifi

r ib a
c

be
Oc

an
ea
n
 General Ocean and Coastal Information
11,500 Km coast line
52 NPA´s coastal/marine
(13 Million Hectares)
1% World Fishery Production
107 Harbors and Marinas
Tourism 8.5% GDP
(66% Beach tourism)

Map from: Seingier et al (in press)

17/32 Coastal States with 1.1 Million Km2 (57%

national surface) and 47.2 Million inhabitants
(2005)
156 Coastal Front Counties (municipalities) with 2.9 Million Km2 EEZ
416,465 Km2 (21% national surface) and 15.9 Oceans and Seas:
Million Permanent Coastal Population (2005) Pacific and Sea of
Estimated Population (Azuz-Rivera, 2007) Cortés
Coastal States (2050) 64.2 Millions Gulf of México and
 Territorial Dimensions (comparisons)

GULF OF MEXICO GULF OF CALIFORNIA GULF OF BOTHNIA ADRIATIC Sea

Surf =1,550,000 Km2 Surf =250,000 Km2 Surf =117,000 Km2 Surf =160,000 Km2

Google Images
 Coastal Environments and Biodiversity

• 1/12 Megadiverse countries (70%

world biodiversity)
• Deltas (4)
• Bays (62)
• Coastal Lagoons (164)
• Estuaries (12)
• Coral reefs (2nd largest in the world)
• Mangrove (6,700 Km2)
• Islands (900)
• Coast length (11,500 Km)
• NPA (Coastal and Marine)
44,000 Km2
*Costa Rica Surface = 51,100 Km2

CONABIO, CONANP and GOOGLE Images

 Stakeholders, Activities, Sectors
Maritime Industry and
Fisheries Conservation
Transportation Tourism

Indigenous Groups

Sources: DGPAIRS Files, IMAC and Author

 Economic Activities

M ile s d e M illo n e s d e D o la r e s
O il P r o d u c t io n ( 1 0 0 0 b a r r e ls )

O IL P R O D U C T IO N IN M E X IC O T o ta l I n g r e s o s E c o n ó m ic o s p o r T u r is m o
M a r in e 14
3 ,5 0 0

12
3 ,0 0 0

10
2 ,5 0 0

8
2 ,0 0 0

6
1 ,5 0 0

4
1 ,0 0 0

2
500

0
0

1997
1995

1996

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Y ear A ño

Oil Production Tourism 8.5% GDP

30% Federal Income Beach Tourism 66%
 Economic Activities (Port Development)
Port and Maritime Activities
CARGO MOVEMENTS Port and Maritime Activities
300,000,000 CRUISE ACTIVITIES
12,000,000
250,000,000
Cargo Movements (TONS)

10,000,000

200,000,000
8,000,000

Pasengers
150,000,000
6,000,000

100,000,000
4,000,000

50,000,000 2,000,000

0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year Year

Port and Maritime Activities

3,500,000 CONTAINERS MOVEMENTS

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000
TEUS

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YEAR
 Other Economic Activities

Fisheries and
Tropical Fruits and Cattle Aquaculture

Salt Mining
 Risks, Conflicts and Problems
Pollution: waste, microorganisms, industrial, urban and
agricultural pollutants, eutrophication, algal blooms,
etc.
Over fishing (recreational, industrial and coastal) and
aquaculture impacts.
Changes in land uses, coastal urbanization, chaotic
development in coastal towns and medium-sized cities.
Habitat and biodiversity losses due to massive tourism
infrastructure development or agricultural expansion.
Cultural changes due to foreign migration and visitors
(touristic activities)
Invasive species introduction (Sea and coastal farming,
ballast water).
Fresh water scarcity, aquifer depletion and salt
intrusion (North) or Flooding (South).
Energy transportation and storage´s risks (natural gas
and oil), maritime cargo traffic, yachting increase, etc.
Vulnerability to Climate Change, erosion, extreme
meteorological events, etc.
Ecological disasters (oil spills)
Sources: DGPAIRS Files
 Human Development
Scarcity of Basic Needs Index (CONAPO, 2005)

Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low

Index Variables [education (2), house materials and services (5), salary (1), town size (1)]
 Division of Authority, Activities and Sectors
(Shared and superimposed responsibilities and jurisdictions)

Ministries and Federal Agencies

Environment

Coastal / Marine area (Broad sense)

Source: Taller la Sustentabilidad Costera (2002)

In this scenario, how can we
handle this complex system?

Pictures from: DGPAIRS files and “El Universal”

Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Coastal and
Ocean Management
Government Structure and Laws Application

FEDERAL LEVEL (NATIONAL)

GENERAL LAWS AND OFFICIAL NORMS

REGION/STATE LEVEL (COASTAL STATES)

GENERAL REGIONAL LAWS

MUNICIPALITY LEVEL (COASTAL COUNTIES)

REGULATIONS
(LAND USE AUTHORIZATIONS, WATHER MANAGEMENT, WASTE
MANAGEMENT)
 38 National or General Laws
(for sectoral issues related to oceans and coasts)
16

14

12

10
Number (Federal Laws)

0
CE
S
CE
S E D IE
S T) ER
N A NC TE IT NO H
E P N A LA IV OR OT
PE
T LS D I RE T
M R A
OR RE AC G
TO VE IN
CO I D
CT
U I I V
AL RR AN CT (L
ER TE G RU R A ES
N IN ST T RC
GE AN RA EX U
PL IN
F
E SO
R
 Legal Framework for Oceans and Coasts
Before 2006

GENERAL LAW OF THE SEAS

(Definition of EEZ) Maritime
Transportation
And Commerce

GENERAL LAW OF NATIONAL PROPERTIES

(Definition of “National Maritime Zone” and “Beach”)
Seas, National Maritime Zone and Beaches are
Ports
Property of the Nation (they can´t be private property) Administration

GENERAL LAW FOR THE ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBIRIUM

AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(Tools for the environmental policy)
Fisheries
Environmental Planning
Ecological Ordinance
Environmental Impact Assessments
National Official Norms/Regulations
***
Natural Protected Areas (NPA)
In 2006 Mexico´s government presented the
“coastal zone” definition
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF OCEANS AND COAST (SEMARNAT, 2006)

The coastal zone is the geographic space of interactions between the

ocean, the terrestrial environment and the atmosphere . It is composed by:
a) 263 coastal counties (150 with access to the sea and 113 behind these
with high and medium marine influence),
b) A marine portion defined by the depth of 200 m ,and
c) The national islands
From an Environmental-Oriented Policy to a
National Integrated Policy

THE HISTORY 2000-2010

NATIONAL STRATEGY
FOR THE
MARINE ORDINANCE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FOR THE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

?
OF OCEANS AND COAST

Finally a Framework for

Coastal and Ocean
UP Management
(2007) (environmental approach)
Marine Ordinance of the
Gulf of California. A National
Example of collaborative and
Participative work.
Government, Academy and
Civil Society. Collaborative
work. Johannesburg, 2002
BOTTOM Academy and Civil Society
(2000) Pressures and efforts.
Low level of governmental concern
 By Presidential Instructions was created in 2008 the
Inter-Ministerial Commission for the Sustainable
2008 Development of Seas and Coasts (CIMARES).

CIMARES MAIN OBJECTIVES:

“Provide the country with a National Policy for Seas
and Coasts”
“Strength the governability of the marine/coastal
regions”
“Increase the productive capacity of the economic
activities assuring environmental sustainability”
UP “Promote transparency and public participation
(2007) in the decision making process”
“Improve the inter-governmental and inter-sectoral
decisions framework”

CIMARES Commission (10 Ministries):

a) Internal Affairs b) Foreign Affaires
c) Navy d) Social Development
e) Energy f) Agriculture, Cattle, Rural
BOTTOM g) Economy Development and
(2000) Fisheries
h) Communications and Transportation
i) Tourism j) Environment
 2008 to 2010

UP
(2010)

NATIONAL POLICY FOR

SEAS AND COASTS
BOTTOM DRAFT VERSION
(2000)
FINAL VERSION
OCTOBER 2010
 2010 to 2011

UP
(2010)

BOTTOM
(2000)
National Policy for Oceans and Coasts
Conceptual Framework
Principles of the National Policy for Oceans and Coasts
1) Integral Vision 2) Coordination intra and inter institutional 3) Adaptative 4) Transparency and Participative
5) Based on the best scientific information 6) Ecosystem approach 7) Precautory Principle

General General General General

Objective Objective Objective Objective
1 2 3 4

Objective

Objective

Objective

Objective

58
Strategies
16 Programs Priority
And Managerial Actions
 General Objetives
I. Assure the integral management of seas and
coasts.
II. Improve the life quality of the coastal
population.
III. Increase the productive capacity of the coastal
areas to improve the international
competitiveness.
IV. Conserve the biophysical structure,
environmental services and landscape quality.
 Strategic Objectives
• Improve the coastal and marine governance.
• Prevent the risk and decrease the vulnerability
in the coastal and marine areas.
• Strength the scientific research and
technological development as a tool for the
decision making process.
• Assure an integral view for infrastructure
development.
2010: CIMARES is working in 20 high priority
topics and projects:
• Priority ecological ordinances
• Articulation between territorial,
tourism, fisheries and
aquaculture ordinances
• SPAW Protocol
• GPA Program
• Coastal zone Norms
• Sustainable beaches
• Fisheries ordinances
• Fisheries capacities and
thresholds
• Sustainable tourism
• Clean energy sources
• Pollution prevention and control
• Hazard and disasters prevention
and attention
• Natural protected areas
• Oceanographic monitoring
network
• Competitiveness and sustainable
development in coastal areas
• National Strategies related to
the National Policy for Oceans
and Coasts.
 NATIONAL POLICY FOR SEAS AND COAST (PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES)
D=Direct Participation CIMARES MINISTRIES
C=Complementary Participation

SEMARNAT
SAGARPA
SEDESOL

SECTUR
SEMAR
SEGOB

SENER
S.R.E

SCT
PROGRAM, STRATEGY OR TOOL

SE
1.- Integrated Coastal
Management Programs (State and D   C C C C C C C D
County Level)
2.- National Coastal Inventory D D D D D D D D D D
3.- Programs or Strategies for the
management of specific     D C C   C C C D
environments
NEW PROGRAMS GENERATED BY 4.- Capacity Building Program for     D C           D
THE NATIONAL POLICY Coastal Management
5.- Participatory Councils for D D D D D D D D D D
Coastal Management
6.- Sustainable Certification     D C D D D D D D
7.- Integral Program for C   C C D   D D D C
Infrastructure Assessment
8.- Risk Atlas and Adaptation D   D D D   D D D C
Measures
9.- Climatic Change Risk and
Vulnerability (focused on coastal D   D D D   D D D D
and marine zones)
10.- Environmental Services C   C D C D D C C D
OLD PROGRAMES (NEED Payment
ADAPTATION) 11.- Infrastructure Planing C   C C D   D D D C
12.- Monitoring Programs for     D         D   D
watersheds and coastal zone
13.- Oceanographic monitoring     D         D   D
program
14.- Climatic Change State D   D D D D D D D D
Programs
ADITIONAL OLD PROGRAMES 15.- Risk Programs D   D D D   D D D D
16.- Ecological Ordinance C   C D C C C C C D
Programs

SEMARNAT
SAGARPA
SEDESOL

SECTUR
SEMAR
SEGOB

SENER
S.R.E

SCT
SE
 Implementation and Operation (before 2012)
Territorial Ordinance

?
Marine Ordinances Specific
State Ordinances Coastal
Priority Coastal Counties Law
Ordinances

National Guidelines and Principles

National Strategies National Programs
Federal Level: Sectoral County and location level:
Programs, Resources and Specific Plans and Actions.
Capacities $

$
$
State level: General
Programs, Resources,
Strategies and Plans
In this scenario, how can we handle this
complex system?
1st Mandatory Step: A National Policy for
Oceans and Coasts
Thank you. drisaacazuz@gmail.com

Pictures from: DGPAIRS files and “El Universal”