A Novel Approach to Standard

Model of Microgrid
Outline

 Introduction to Microgrid.
 Microgrid Operating Modes.
 The Need of Microgrid.
 Interconnected Microgrids – Power Parks.
 Environmental Aspects.
 Conventional Grid versus Microgrid.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Microgrid.
 Future Directions on Microgrid Research.
 References.
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Introduction To Microgrid
 What is Microgrid?
• Micro grids are electricity distribution systems containing
loads and distributed energy resources such as distributed
generators, storage devices, or controllable loads.

• The distributed energy sources may be solar plant, wind

farm, diesel generator set etc.

• There are two modes of operation of microgrid: grid

connected mode and islanded mode.

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Introduction To Microgrid
 What is Microgrid?
• In grid connected mode, microgrid helps the grid in
supplying deficient power to the main grid.

• In islanded mode of operation, microgrid alone supplies the

required power to the loads connected in the power system.

• Size of the microgrid may range from kilowatt to megawatt

depending upon requirement and availability of resources.

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Introduction To Microgrid
 Microgrid Components

 Distributed Generation
 Loads
 Immediate storage
 Controller
 Point of Common Coupling

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Typical Microgrid is shown below:

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 Pomelo, Indonesia - Village microgrid

8/25/2009 7
Microgrid Operating Modes
 Grid Connected Mode:

 Utility grid is active.

 Static switch is closed

 All the feeders are being

supplied by utility grid.

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Microgrid Operating Modes
 Island Mode:

 Utility grid is not supplying power

 Static switch is open.

 Feeder A, B, C are being supplied

by Microsources.

 Feeder D (not sensitive )

is dead.

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The Need Of Microgrid

 Microgrid could be the answer to our energy crisis.

 Transmission losses gets highly reduced.

 Microgrid results in substantial savings and cuts

emissions without major changes to lifestyles.

 Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to

critical loads
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Interconnected Microgrids
Interconnected Microgrids – Power Parks

 Practical size of Microgrids is limited to a few MVA.

 For larger loads, it is desirable to interconnect many

Microgrids to form a larger Microgrid network called
Power Parks.

 The advantages of this Microgrid structure insures

greater stability and controllability for the Power Parks.
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Environmental Aspects

 Microgrid encourages the use of the renewable energy

sources.

 Large land use impacts are avoided.

 CO2 Emissions are reduced.

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Conventional Grid vs. Microgrid

 Efficiency of conventional grid is very low as compared

to Microgrid.

 Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted in

conventional grid.

 Power sources in case of Microgrid (often referred to as

Microsources) are small and are located in close
proximity to load.

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Advantages
 Microgrid Advantages

 A major advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability, during a utility

grid disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from the utility
seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the
Microgrid.

 In peak load periods it prevents utility grid failure by

reducing the load on the grid.

 Significant environmental benefits made possible by the use

of low or zero emission generators.
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Advantages
 Microgrid Advantages

 The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the

close proximity of the generator to the user, thereby
increasing the overall energy efficiency.

 Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its

users by generating some or all of its electricity needs.

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Disadvantages
 Microgrid Disadvantages

 Voltage, frequency and power quality are three main

parameters that must be considered and controlled to
acceptable standards whilst the power and energy balance is
maintained.

 Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks thus

requiring more space and maintenance.

 Resynchronization with the utility grid is difficult.

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Disadvantages
 Microgrid Disadvantages

 Microgrid protection is one of the most important challenges

facing the implementation of Microgrids.

 Issues such as standby charges and net metering may pose

obstacles for Microgrid.

 Interconnection standards needs to be developed to ensure

consistency. IEEE P1547, a standard proposed by Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers may end up filling
the void.
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Future Directions on Microgrid
Research
 To investigate full-scale development, field demonstration,
experimental performance evaluation of frequency and voltage control
methods under various operation modes.

 Transition between grid connected and islanded modes on interaction

phenomena between distribution generation and high penetration of
distributed generation.

 Transformation of Microgrid system today into the intelligent,

robust energy delivery system in the future by providing
significant reliability and security benefits.

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Standard matlab modellingand simulationof microgrid

Matlab/simulinkisapprocahis used indesigning of microgridmodel

References
• S. M. Brahma, J. Trejo and J. Stamp, “Insight into Microgrid Protection ,” 5th
IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), October
2014.

• Sukumar M. Brahma, J. Trejo and J. Stamp, “Insight into Microgrid Protection ,”

5th IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe),
October 2014.
• Pukar Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C.L. Bak, “A Simple Adaptive
Overcurrent Protection of Distribution System With Distributed Generation,”
IEEE Trans.on Smart Grid, Vol.2 No.3, Sep-2011.

• A. M. Massoud, S. Ahmed, S. Finney, and B. Williams, “Inverter Based Versus

Synchronous Based Distributed Generation; Fault Current Limitation and
Protection issue,” IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition 2010, Page
No 58-63.

• N.Nimpitiwan, G. Thomas, R. Ayyanar, and S. Suryanarayanan, “Fault Current

Contribution From Synchronous Machine and Inverter Based Distributed
Generators,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.22, no.1, pp. 634-641, Jan. 2007. 18
References
• D. P. Mishra, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, “A Combined Wavelet and Data-
Mining Based Intelligent Protection Scheme for Microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 2295-2304, Sep. 2016.

• M. Pignati, L. Zanni, P. Romano, R. Cherkaoui, and M. Paolone, “Fault

detection and faulted line identification in active distribution networks using
synchrophasor-based real-time state estimation,” IEEE. Trans. Power Delv, vol.
32, no.1, pp. 381-392, Feb. 2017.

• P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C.L. Bak, “A Simple Adaptive

Overcurrent Protection of Distribution System With Distributed Generation,”
IEEE Trans.on Smart Grid, vol.2, no.3, pp. 428-437 Sep-2011.

• S. Gautam and S. M. Brahma, “Detection of High Impedance Fault in Power

Distribution System Using Mathematical Morphology,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys.,
vol.28, no.2, pp. 1226-1234, May 2013.

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 Thank You

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