Sound Grade8

Sound
What is sound?
• Sound is a form of energy that produces the
sensation of hearing in our ears.
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Sound is produced by a vibrating body

• Sound needs a medium to propagate ( travel
through)
• The medium may be solid, liquid or gaseous
• Sound cannot travel through vacuum

How does sound propagate in a medium?
• Energy ( eg sound) is transferred from one part of the
medium to another by a wave.
• A disturbance at any point in the medium will set the
particles in that region into vibration.
• These vibrations are passed on to the neighbouring
particles.
• Waves transfer energy from one part of the medium to
another.
• There is no transfer of actual particles in the process.

Transverse
Types of waves Longitudinal

Transverse Longitudinal
• The vibrations of particles • The vibrations are parallel
are at right angles to the to the direction of wave
direction of wave travel.( if travel. ( If wave travels from
wave travels from left to left to right, particles also
right, particles vibrate up & vibrate side to side)
down) • Have a series of
• Have a series of crests and compressions and
troughs rarefactions

Transverse vs Longitudinal waves

Sound wave is a longitudinal wave

Sound wave is a longitudinal wave

Compression and Rarefactions
• A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the
particles are closest together ( max density/pressure)
• A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the
particles are furthest apart ( min density/pressure)

Compression and Rarefaction
• A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the
particles are closest together ( max density/pressure)
• A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the
particles are furthest apart ( min density/pressure)

http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~perera/animations/wave5.gif
http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~perera/animations/waveg.gif
• Waves transfer energy

from one part of the
medium to another.
• There is no transfer of
actual particles in the
process.

Characteristics of a wave
• Rest position - the undisturbed
position of particles or fields
when they are not vibrating
• Wavelength(λ): distance between
two consecutive crests ( or
troughs) Unit: metre
• Amplitude(a): the maximum
displacement of a particle from
its rest position. Unit: metre
• Frequency (f): Number of waves
passing per second. Unit :
hertz(Hz)
For sound:
Wavelength is the distance

between two consecutive
compression/rarefaction

Seeing the sound:
OSCILLOSCOPE
Loudspeakers convert
the signal from the The oscilloscope
signal generator into allows us to study
sound waves. the frequency and
loudness of a sound.
Signal generators can
produce signals over a
range of frequencies and
of varying amplitudes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

Pitch or shrillness
• Pitch is that characteristic of sound by which an acute (or
shrill) note can be distinguished from a grave or flat note.
• Pitch depends on the frequency of vibration.
Fast vibrations→High
frequency → High pitch
(shrill)
Slow vibrations→Low
frequency → Low pitch
(flat)

This is how the particles look like

This is how the particles look like
High frequency:
shrill
Low frequency:
grave

Pitch (or frequency)
A high pitch sound A low pitch sound.
The more waves you can see, the higher the pitch/frequency.

RANGE OF AUDIBILITY
• Human beings can hear in the range of 20 Hz
to 20,000 Hz.
• Sounds of frequency less than 20 Hz :
INFRASONIC
• Sound of frequency more than 20000 Hz:
ULTRASONIC/ ULTRASOUND

Ultrasound Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e. above
20,000Hz)

sound above the
range of human
Uses hearing (i.e. above

20,000Hz)
1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.

sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.
2. Breaking down
kidney stones.
sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.

sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.

sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
control.- eg. Detecting 5. Range and
cracks in a metal. direction finding
- SONAR
Loudness
• Loudness is the property by the virtue of which a
loud sound can be distinguished from a faint one,
both having the same pitch and quality.
Greater the
amplitude,
louder the sound
This is what the particles look like

Loudness
A quiet sound A loud sound
The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace;

the louder the sound.
The bigger the waves you can see, the louder the sound.

Sound levels
• Intensity of sound is measured by a sound
level meter
• Measured in decibels (dB)
• Increase by 10 dB ≡ Increases intensity 10

times

Sound : How loud are sounds?
150 Personal stereo

Aircraft overhead
140 Permanent ear
damage
120
Loud bell
100
80
A circular saw at 2m
60
40
Quiet countryside
20
10
Pin being dropped 0
Can just be heard
What is noise?
A noise is any unwanted sound. What you might not consider

noise, loud music for example,
other people might.
What are the effects of noise?
1. Deafness
_________
2. Vomiting
_________
3. Headaches
_________ How can you reduce the
4. Nausea
_________ effects of loud noise?
1. Ear protectors
_________________
2. Double glazing
_________________
3. Putting noisy machinery in insulated
__________________
rooms
________________

What is the upper range of human
hearing?
A. 20 Hz
B. 200 Hz
C. 2 000 Hz
D. 20 000 Hz

What causes all sounds?
A. Vibrations
B. Reflections
C. Refractions
D. Heat
Which of the following can sound not
travel through?
A. Liquid
 B. Vacuum
C. Solid
D. Gas
A ship releases an echo sounding and 4 seconds
later receives a signal from the seabed, how deep
is the sea? (speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s)
A. 6000m
B. 375m
C. 750m

D. 3000m
Which of the following is not a use of
ultrasound?
A. Prenatal scanning
B. Quality control in industry
C. Cleaning delicate machinery
D. Cooking food

Quality or timbre
• It is that characteristic which distinguishes two
sounds of the same loudness and same pitch,
but emitted by two different instruments.
• Quality of musical sound depends on the

waveform
• Fundamental note & harmonics

Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than the
at 330 metres sound of thunder.
per second A 3 second gap between the flash
of lightning and the sound of thunder
(330m/s), or
means that the storm is about a
760 mph. kilometre away.

How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75
metres

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75
metres
75
metres

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75
metres
75
metres
Time
SPEED = DISTANCE Speed = 150 = 333 m/s
TIME 0.45
75
metres
75
metres
Time
Will sound travel faster through
a solid, liquid or gas?


Sound travels faster through a

solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
Concrete = 5000m/s, Water at 0oC = 1400m/s, Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s
Sound travels faster through a

solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
An echo is a reflected sound wave.
The reflected sound has the same quality and
shrillness at the original one. However, it is
less loud.

Echoes used for Navigation

A boat sends out a sound wave so
that the captain can calculate the
depth of water.
The captain knows that the speed

of sound in water is 1500 m/s
Distance = speed x time

A boat sends out a sound wave so
that the captain can calculate the
depth of water.
The captain knows that the speed

of sound in water is 1500 m/s
Distance = speed x time
But don’t forget that the sound

has travelled there and back so :
Distance = 2 x depth

Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in • Sound Navigation and
air, eg. aircraft. Ranging

Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in • Used to detect objects
air, eg. aircraft. under water, eg.
submarines

Can you answer? NOW!
• What does loudness depend on?

• What does pitch depend on?
• What is the property that lends uniqueness to
each musical instrument?

Which of the above has the
highest pitch?
Which represents the

loudest sound?

Sound Grade8

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Sound

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• Waves transfer energy

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Wavelength is the distance

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A high pitch sound A low pitch sound.

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Uses hearing (i.e. above

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Uses hearing (i.e. above

Uses hearing (i.e. above

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Uses hearing (i.e. above

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Uses hearing (i.e. above

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A quiet sound A loud sound

The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace;

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• Increase by 10 dB ≡ Increases intensity 10

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150 Personal stereo

A noise is any unwanted sound. What you might not consider

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B. Quality control in industry

C. Cleaning delicate machinery

D. Cooking food

• Quality of musical sound depends on the

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Sound travels faster through a

Sound travels faster through a

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The captain knows that the speed

Distance = speed x time

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The captain knows that the speed

Distance = speed x time

But don’t forget that the sound

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