“Cory” and “FVR”

Maria Corazon ”Cory”

Cojuangco Aquino

The First Female President

in Asia

January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009

•Aquino was the most prominent figure of
the 1986 People Power Revolution, which
toppled the 21-year authoritarian rule of
President Ferdinand E. Marcos

• restored democracy to the Philippines.

•During presidential elections in February 1986,
Aquino became the unified opposition’s presidential
candidate.

•lost the election to Marcos.

•On February 25, 1986, both Aquino and Marcos

were inaugurated as president by their respective
supporters
•Aquino government was only transitory,
some called it a “revolutionary” government

•In substance, it was a democratic government

•President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 on
March 25, 1986, promulgating the Provisional
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines,
otherwise known as the “Freedom Constitution”.
Actions and Challenges
Creation of Presidential Commission on Good
Government (PCGG)

•invested with the task of sequestrating suspected ill-

gotten and hidden wealth of the Marcoses and their
associates

•went after suspected assets abroad including those in the

United States and Switzerland.
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
Political Prisoners

Bernabe
Boscayno
Jose Ma. Sison

Satur
Ocampo
Luis
Jalandoni
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
Disillusionment
 Coup d’ état

RAM – SFP – YOU

Reform the Armed Forces Movement –
Soldiers for the Filipino People – Young Officers
Union
•Despite the formation of the
Commission on Human Rights under
the 1987 Constitution, incidences of
violations of human rights continued
Congress issued the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) in
1991
American military bases

•The present bases agreement up for expiration in 1991, the

government favored its retention, but the Nationalist senators
headed by Senate President Jovito Salonga voted to reject the
agreement on September 16, 1991

•The catastrophic volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991

worked n favor of the Filipinos, the bases were heavily damaged,
Americans simply abandoned Clark Air Base but stayed in Subic
until 1992
Sabah

• To improve relations with Malaysia, efforts were made in

the Senate to drop the Sabah claim

• This was done to assure the presence of Malaysia in the

1987 ASEAN Summit
Aquino Administration

• Instead of uniting the country, the nation remained

divided and disillusioned with the shattered hopes
of EDSA.

• The administration spawned a new breed of

grafters who assumed power after the collapse of
the former regime.
•She left the Presidency in a
peaceful way, and obeyed the
constitution by not running for
president again.

•The handpicked choice of

President Aquino – Fidel V.
Ramos- was proclaimed by the
Philippine Congress as the
winning candidate on June 22,
1992.
Fidel Valdez Ramos (FVR)
-United States Military Academy, Bachelor of Science in
Military Engineering

-University of Illinois, Master's degree in Civil Engineering

- National Defense College of the Philippines, Master's

degree in National Security Administration

- Ateneo de Manila University, Master's degree in Business

Administration

-He received a total of 29 honorary doctorate degrees

Before his Presidency
Martial Law and the EDSA Revolution

•Appointed as the chief of the Philippine Constabulary, by

President Marcos in 1972, he became the responsible for
enforcing the Martial Law, the Constabulary arrested thousands of
political dissidents.

•Ramos is held responsible by for human rights abuses committed

under Martial Law as head of the Philippine Constabulary chief;
the unit responsible in the arrest tortures of civilians.
Special Action Force
Ramos and Enrile
•On 22 February 1986, Defense Minister Juan
Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by
Marcos in the 1986 snap elections, withdrawing
support and triggering the non-violent People
Power Revolution.

•General Ramos later also defected and followed

Enrile into Camp Crame, and the duo shifted their
fealty to Corazón Aquino
The Presidency
 The Presidency
The economic aspect had the objectives as
follows;

•Infrastructure building not only to create

jobs in the countryside but to prove that
the administration could provide a solid
foundation for sustainable development

•Public finance to provide infrastructure

through unrelenting collection of taxes that
were due to the government

•Debt management to contain the

obligatory burden of debt servicing
• creation of a new Department of Energy and the adaption of
measures to moderate the oil crisis

•Improvement on investment policies to make foreign companies

secure in their plant sites through the drafting of Foreign
Investment Act

•Environmental protection through the drafting of new law such as

the Environmental Protection Code a new Forestry Code
Ramos was able to achieve national unity

•Initiated negotiations with the RAM-SFP-YOU which resulted

in the amnesty for soldiers involved in coup attempts against
the previous administration

•The detained rebel soldiers were released and allowed to

return to their former units.

•Negotiations with the MNLF lead to peace agreement of

September 2, 1996, formally ending the rebellion led by that
organization allowing it to return to the fold of the law.
• In fulfilling its promise of people empowerment,
the Ramos administration implemented laws passed
during the past administration namely the Autonomy
Law for Muslim Mindanao and the new Local
Government Code of 1991.
• To alleviate poverty, Ramos came up with a
Social Reform

• New expressways were constructed such

as the Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR)
in Batangas and several flyovers and new
circumferential roads such as C-5 were
opened
•The entry of the foreign investments was facilitated with the
enactment of banking and investment laws,

•the institution of tax incentives, and the entry of the

country into the World Trade Organization (WTO) and
the
•General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

• government also approved the Build-Operate-and-Transfer

(BOT
•The Ramos administration ended the country’s IMF
assistance by March 1998. We became the only Asian country
to exit form IMF dependence, while the other Asian
countries were increasing their foreign loans.

•For the first time in the economic history of the nation, we

achieved a budget surplus, an income exceeded expenses,
due to the sale of Fort Bonifacio to private developers in
1996.
• President Ramos acquired fame by becoming the most-
traveled Philippines president in recent history.

•Creation of the National Centennial Commission to take

charge of the celebration of the Philippine centennial, which
revived historical awareness in the nation and mobilized the
people and institutions for the grand celebration in 1998.
•Holding of the 4th APEC (Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation)
Leader’s meeting in the Philippines in
1996. The hospitality and vigor
shown by the Philippines to the
other APEC leaders thus created a
better image for the country.

•The Philippines was no longer “the

sick man of Asia”, had become a
“new tiger economy”.
•Individual politicians were free to do whatever they please as
long as they would follow the wishes of the majority party.

•Public perception of politicians especially members of

Congress was that they were loaded with pork barrel
allocations to build projects

•Vice-President Joseph Estrada won the next Presidential

Election
Resources

 “Fidel Ramos.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Oct. 2017, en

 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Fidel Ramos.” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 26 Feb. 2017,
www.britannica.com/biography/Fidel-
Ramos..wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos.
 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Corazon Aquino.” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 27 Feb. 2017,
www.britannica.com/biography/Corazon-Aquino.
 “Fidel Valdez Ramos.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, Encyclopedia.com,
www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/philippines-history-
biographies/fidel-valdez-ramos.