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PART 1

ECE 513
Microprocessor /
Microcontroller Systems

By:
Engr. Junard P. Kaquilala
I. TOPIC OUTLINE:

Introduction to PIC
(Peripheral Interface
Controller)
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Computer Architecture
MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor
abbreviated as uP or MPU
a simple computer contained
more or less in one integrated
circuit (IC)
requires other components such
as memory must be added in order
to be used
MICROPROCESSOR
Three Basic Activities:

1. perform mathematical and other


sophisticated operations
2. move data from one memory location
to another
3. make decisions and jump to a new
set of instructions based on the decision
MICROPROCESSOR
4004
the first microprocessor
the world's first general - purpose
microprocessor
MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor-Block Diagram
MICROPROCESSOR
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
ALU is one of the basic units of a
microprocessor.
performs all numerical computations
and logical evaluations for the
processor
ALU can perform all the arithmetic
operations (+,-,*,/,%,etc) and all logical
operations (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc).
MICROPROCESSOR
Control Unit (CU)
decodes and monitors the execution
of instructions
directs the sequence of operation
MICROPROCESSOR
Registers
 Registers are primarily used to store
the data temporarily during the
execution/runtime of the program
MICROPROCESSOR
Kinds of Registers
a. Data Register
used to store numbers
b. Address Register
Hold memory addresses
c. General Purpose Register (GPR)
can store both data and addresses
d. Floating Point Register (FPR)
stores floating point numbers
e. Constant Register
holds read-only values
MICROPROCESSOR

Classes:
f. Vector Register
holds data for processing done by
SIMD (single instruction, multiple
data) instructions
g. Special Purpose Registers
stores program state
usually includes program
counter/instruction pointer, stack
pointer and status register/status
word
MEMORY

MEMORY
memory are used to store the information
(data & instructions) as in the binary form

The memory unit of a microprocessor computer


system consist of two types of memories:
1.Read – Only Memory (ROM)
2.Random Access Memory (RAM)
MEMORY

READ – ONLY MEMORY (ROM)

ROM memory is used to store items that


the computer needs to execute when it is
first turned on
A non-volatile memory
the program stored in ROM can only read
MEMORY

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)


RAM also called main memory because it
is the primary memory that the CPU uses
when processing information
also known as read/write memory
RAM is a volatile memory
SYSTEM BUS

System Bus / Bus


physical link between various
computer components

The system bus basically classified into three


groups:
1.Control bus
2.Data bus
3.Address bus
SYSTEM BUS
1. Control Bus
- A control bus is a bi-directional bus which
is used to transfer the control signals
(read, write, interrupt) and timing
signals(clock pulses) between
microprocessor and other peripheral
components
2. Data Bus
- Data bus is also a bi-directional bus that
used to transmit data bi-directionally
between the microprocessor and
peripherals devices.
SYSTEM BUS
3. Address Bus
- Address bus is a unidirectional bus which
is used to send the address of a
peripheral from microprocessor to the
peripheral device
MICROPROCESSOR
Advantages of a Microprocessor
a) high speed
b) high accuracy and reliability
c) data movement between memory
locations
d) used to perform multitask operations
e) only require limited current and low
voltages
MICROPROCESSOR
Disadvantages of a Microprocessor
a) Highly sensitive to thermal and
electric variations
b) Do not have internal
memory(RAM&ROM),input/output ports
inside the microprocessor
c) No timers, interrupts inside the
microprocessor
d) Make a system expensive
e) Need proper interfacing components
for functioning
MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller
abbreviated as uC or MCU
a true computer on a single chip
microprocessor with peripherals in one
electronic component
designed specifically for use in
embedded systems that typically include
an integrated CPU, memory (a small
amount of RAM,ROM, or both), and
other peripherals on the same chip
MICROCONTROLLER
MICROCONTROLLER
8048
one of the first microcontrollers that
included I/O, RAM, ROM, and a timer on
chip
designed for low cost and small size
has modified Harvard architecture
(program ROM and 64 to 256 bytes of
RAM on chip with I/O mapped into its
own address space)
MPU vs. MCU
Comparison between uP and uC :
MPU vs. MCU
Comparison between uP and uC :
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
specific interfaces General purpose
external memory and
standalone operation
busses
High performance(+2GHz) less performance(<80MHz)
expensive Cheaper
Low power output High strength I/O drives
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
uses a separate program and data
memory and physically separate transmission
paths
instructions and data are transferred
and fetched simultaneously
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

HARVARD ARCHITECTURE

STORED
PROGRAM
I/O ALU

STORED
DATA
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

VON NEUMAN ARCHITECTURE


a simpler architecture with a single
memory for programming and data
program and data memories share the
same address and data buses hence these
are within the same memory map
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

VON NEUMAN ARCHITECTURE


STORED
PROGRAM
and DATA I/O ALU
PROGRAM
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Instruction Set
the full suite of opcodes recognized by a
particular processor or family
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Types of Instruction Set


1. Complex Instruction Set Computer
(CISC)
characterized by many instructions
which can be used in a number of
different ways
has a complex hardware
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Types of Instruction Set


2. Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC)
characterized by simpler designs and
fewer instructions
each instruction can be executed in a
single clock cycle
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Clock cycle
time it takes the central processing unit
(CPU) to execute the simplest instruction

Instruction Cycle
the time it takes to fetch and execute a
single opcode
Each instruction can be executed in a single
clock cycle
The End…

THANK YOU 
Reading Assignment…
• Computer
• Evolution of processor (Intel)
• Indiabix (about computer)

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