University of the Assumption

COPTED

Geometry: An
Introduction
Ms. Cherrie Ann David Basilio
Let’s Go…
and
Tour Around the World!
Eiffel Tower, Paris ( 1889 )
 Luxor Temple

Jethro Miller

Egyptian Pyramids
Leaning Tower of Pisa ( 1173 )
 Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

Rose Window, Notre Dame

The north rose window of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris (1240-1250) was built by
Jean de Chelles. It is designed in the Rayonnant Gothic style, named for the radiating spokes in this type of
window. The center circle depicts the Virgin and Child, surrounded by figures of prophets. The second circle
shows 32 Old Testament kings, and the outer circle depicts 32 high priests and patriarchs.
 Taj Mahal, India

The Taj Mahal, designed as a tomb for the wife of a 17th-century Mughal
emperor, was constructed by about 20,000 workers from 1631 to 1648 in
Āgra, a city in northern India. T
Colosseum ( 70-82)

Scala/Art Resource, NY
Skyscraper, New York City (1984)
Geometry

(Greek geō, “earth”; metrein, “to measure”),

branch of mathematics that deals with the
properties of space. In its most elementary
form geometry is concerned with such
metrical problems as determining the areas
and diameters of two-dimensional figures and
the surface areas and volumes of solids.
Undefined Terms

Point

Line
Line Segment

Ray
Plane
 Angles

When two lines meet at a point, that point becomes

the vertex of an angle and the two lines become
the angle’s sides.
Angles are classified based upon their measure:
Right angles equal 90 degrees
Acute angles are less than 90 degrees
Obtuse angles are greater than 90 degrees
Straight angles equal 180 degrees.
 Lines and Angle Relationships

Parallel Lines

Intersecting Lines
Perpendicular Lines
Transversal Line

Transversal

t is the transversal if x // y
Angle Relationships

Complementary Angles
Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees

If angle ABC is the complement of WXY, find its

measure if angle WXY measures 35 degrees?
Supplementary Angles

Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees.

Their opposite sides form a Straight Line.
Adjacent Angles

Two angles sharing a common vertex

and a common side
Vertical Angles

Two non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.

They share a common vertex
They are CONGRUENT
Linear Pair Angles

Supplementary angles which are adjacent.

Angle formed from two parallel lines
cut by a transversal

Corresponding Angles
Alternate Interior Angles
Alternate Exterior Angles
Polygon

A simple closed curve made up of line segments.

Convex Concave
Kinds of Polygon

Triangle Quadrilateral

Pentagon Hexagon
 Heptagon Octagon

Nonagon REGULAR POLYGON – all sides

are congruent ( Equilateral ) and all
Decagon angles are congruent ( Equiangular )

N-gon
Diagonal
A segment drawn from two non-consecutive vertices in a polygon.

Number of Diagonals from one vertex

d=s–3
(where d=Diagonal & s = number of sides )

Number of Diagonals from all the vertices

d = s (s – 3 )

2
Kinds of Triangle

According to the length of sides

Equilateral - all sides are congruent

Isosceles - 2 sides are congruent

Scalene – no congruent sides

According to angles it contains

Acute Triangle – has 3 acute angles

Right Triangle – has 1 right angle and 2 acute angles

 Obtuse Triangle – has 1 obtuse angle and 2 acute angles.

Congruent Triangles Similar Triangles
( Polygons )

SSS Postulate -corresponding angles

SAS Postulate are congruent

ASA Postulate - corresponding sides

are proportional
AAS Theorem
Altitude – a line drawn
from the vertex of a triangle
perpendicular to its opposite
side.

Median – a line drawn Midpoint of

the segment
from any vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side.

Bisector – divides a
line/segment/ angle into two
congruent parts.
 Quadrilaterals

Parallelogram Trapezoid General

Quadrilateral

Rectangle Rhombus Isosceles

Trapezoid

Square

Scalene
Metric Measurement and
Conversion
Linear Measure – ( Length ) METER

P refix Base Unit Value

K ilo meter 1000

H ecto meter 100

D eka meter 10

M eter meter 1

D eci meter 1 / 1 0

C enti meter 1 / 100

M illi meter 1 / 1000

 Measure of Weight - GRAM

P refix Base Unit Value

K ilo gram 1000

H ecto gram 100

D eka gram 10

M( gram ) gram 1

D eci gram 1 / 1 0

C enti gram 1 / 100

M illi gram 1 / 1000

 Measure of Capacity - LITER

P re fix Ba se Un it Va lu e
K ilo lite r 1000

H e c to lite r 100

De k a lite r 10

M( lite r ) lite r 1

De c i lite r 1 / 1 0

C e n ti lite r 1 / 100

M illi lite r 1 / 1000

 English Measure

Linear Measures Liquid Measure

2 cups = 1 pint
12 inches = 1 foot
2 pints = 1 quarts
36 inches = 1 yard
4 quarts = 1 gallon
3 feet = 1 yard
3 teaspoon = 1 tablespoon
5280 feet = 1 mile
8 fluid ounces = 1 cup
1760 yard = 1 mile
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint
Dry Measure
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
4 quarts = 1 gallon
English to Metric Relationships

Linear 1 inch = 25.40 millimeters

1 millimeter = 0.04 inches = 2.54 cm
1 centimeter = 0.39 inches = 0.03 meter
1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 foot = 0.30 meters
= 3.28 feet 1 yard = 0.91 meters
= 1.09 yard 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers
Capacity

1 milliliter = 0.03 fluid ounce 1 liquid quart = 0.95 liter

1 liter = 1.06 liquid quarts 1 dry quart = 1.10 liters
= 0.91 liquid quarts
1 gallon = 3.8 liters
1 dekaliter = 2.64 gallons
1 hectoliter = 26.42 gallons
1 kilometer = 264.18 gallons
Mass

1 milligram = 0.02 grain 1 ounce = 28.35 grams

1centigram = 0.15 grains 1 pound = 0.45 kilograms
1 decigram = 1.54 grains 1 ton = 0.91 metric ton

1 gram = 0.04 ounce

1 dekagram = 0.35 ounces
1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds
1 metric ton = 2,204.62 pounds
= 1.10 tons
 Time
1 second = 1000 milliseconds 1 leap year = 366 days
1 minute = 60 seconds 1 common year = 360 days
1 hour = 60 minutes = 52 weeks
= 3, 600 seconds = 12 months
1 day = 24 hours 1 decade = 10 years
= 86, 400 seconds 1 score = 20 years
7 days = 1 week 1 century = 100 years
1 month = 30 days 1 millennium = 1000 years
= 4 weeks 10 centuries = 1 millennium
Temperature

Degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit

F = 9/5 ( C + 32 )

Degree Fahrenheit to degree Celsius

C = 5 / 9 ( F – 32 )