COLLECTION, ANALYSIS &

PRESENTATION OF DATA
The Investigation Process
IDENTIFICATION OF THE
PROBLEM

REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

RESEARCH DESIGN

DATA COLLECTION

DATA ANALYSIS

WRITING-UP
The Data & Data
Collection
Data
-The data are set of characteristics
representing the research variable.
These characteristics are analyzed
and interpreted in order to draw valid
conclusions.
Data collection is the process of
gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes.
 Data collection
• methods vary by discipline and the
nature of investigation, the emphasis on
ensuring accurate and honest collection
remains the same.
 DATA COLLECTION

Observation Measurement
 DATA COLLECTION

ERROR-FREE COMPLETE
REPRODUCIBLE

• yields reliable and unquestionable data

• eliminates or minimizes bias
 DATA COLLECTION
(EXPERIMENT PROPER)

correct on-the-spot
techniques recording
controlled
conditions
Analysis of Data
Chapter I- Introduction
Background of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitations
Review of Related Literature
Conceptual Framework
Chapter II-METHODOLOGY

Chapter III- RESULTS

Data Presentation

Chapter IV-DISCUSSION
Chapter V-CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Use only the appropriate method of analyzing the
data gathered. There are now available computer
programs in which the students can easily input
their data and the program will show the analysis.
This reduces the cost as compared to students
hiring the professional work of a statistician. It will
also be useful to consult basic statistics books on
the statistical tools which are applicable.
International and local standards can also be used
as comparisons especially for new inventions and
products.
 ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Presentation of data must be
accompanied by their analysis.
• This is the part where statistical
computations are used
• When the descriptions are
quantified, they can be analyzed
more precisely
What are involved in the analysis of data?
• Counting, measuring,
comparing and differentiating.
* The investigator must be
competent in using the
statistical tools needed in the
study.
• STATISTICS
science that deals with the collection,
tabulation or presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
 TYPES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
concerned with the gathering,
classification and presentation of
data and the collection of
summarizing values to describe
group characteristics of the data
• Inferential Statistics
-allows to test a hypothesis in a statistical
significance of observed difference
between samples treated alike or
differently
Frequently used Inferential
Statistics in Scientific
Research
• t-test for correlated samples
• T-test for uncorrelated samples
• One-way ANOVA,
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
 Analysis should be done first
before interpretation
 An analysis is useless
without interpretation while
interpretation is impossible
without analysis
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
 Is an adequate exposition of the true
meaning of the material presented in
terms of the purposes of the study
presented
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS-used in
testing hypothesis whether you will
accept or reject
 Steps in Interpreting data
 1. State your Problem
 2. Formulate your Hypotheses
 Ho (Null Hypothesis) – There is no significant difference
 Ha-(Alternative Hypothesis) –There is significant difference
 3. Level of significance
 0.05 , 0.01
 4. Statistics : t-test for correlated samples, t-test for
uncorrelated samples, One-way or Two way ANOVA
 5. Decision Rule
 If the computed value is greater than or beyond
the tabular value( critical value), reject the null
hypothesis (Ho)
 There is significant difference among
means
 If the computed value is lesser than the tabular
value, accept the null hypothesis
 There is no significant difference among
means
EXAMPLE
 Suppose a researcher wishes to determine
the significant difference between the
performance of male and female AB
students in the spelling.
 Problem: Is there a significant difference
between the performance of male and
female AB students in spelling.
Null hypothesis(Ho): There is no significant difference
between the performance of male and female students in
spelling?
Alternative hypothesis (Ha) : There is significant difference
between the performance of male and female AB students
in spelling.
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 2.88
Tabular value= 2.101
 Level of significance = 0.05
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 2.88
Tabular value= 2.101
 Decision Rule
Interpretation
Since the t-computed value of 2.88 is greater
than t-tabular value of 2.101 at 0.05 level
of significance with 18 degrees of freedom
, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of
the research hypothesis..
Interpretation
This means that there is a significant
difference between the performance of
male and female AB students in spelling. It
implies that the male perform better than
the female students .
EXAMPLE
 Suppose a researcher wishes to determine
the significant difference on the growth
rate of prawn cultured in the fishpond with
and without pellets as supplemental feeds.
 Problem: Is there a significant difference
on the growth rate of prawn cultured in
the fish pond with and without pellets as
supplemental feeds?
Null hypothesis(Ho): There is no significant difference on the
growth rate of prawn cultured in the fish pond with and
without pellets as supplemental feeds
Alternative hypothesis (Ha) : There is significant difference on
the growth rate of prawn cultured in the fish pond with and
without pellets as supplemental feeds
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 6.62
Tabular value= 3.36
 Level of significance = 0.05
Statistical Tool:T-test
Results:
T-Value= 6.62
Tabular value= 3.36
 Decision Rule
Interpretation
The computed T-test value is greater than the
tabular value. This means that the prawn cultured
with supplemental feed (pellets) and without
supplemental feed really differ with each other.
Hence, prawn cultured with supplemental feeds is
better than prawn cultured without supplemental
feeds.Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
T-TEST
For two uncorrelated samples or
two independent samples
 Used when only two
uncorrelated groups
are
being compared and
the
measurements are
either
interval or ratio.
 The two groups
may
or may not have
the
same number of
samples.
 Involves testing
whether or
not there is a
significant
difference between the
population means of
the two groups.
Example :
To find out whether a new serum
would arrest leukemia, 16
patients, who had all reached an
advanced stage of the disease,
were selected. Eight patients
received the treatment and eight
did not. The survival was taken
from the time the experiment was
conducted.
No treatment With treatment
2.1 4.2
3.2 5.1
3.0 5.0
2.8 4.6
2.1 3.9
1.2 4.3
1.8 5.2
1.9 3.9
1. State your Problem
2. Formulate your Hypotheses
Ho (Null Hypothesis) – There is no significant
difference
Ha-(Alternative Hypothesis) –There is significant
difference
3. Level of significance
0.05 , 0.01
4. Statistics : t-test for correlated samples, t-test for
uncorrelated samples, One-way or Two way ANOVA
5. Decision Rule
Problem : Will new serum
arrest leukemia for the 8
patients who had all reached
an advanced stage?
HYPOTHESES :

Ho : The new serum will not

arrest the leukemia of the 8
patients who had all reached
and advanced stage of the
disease.

Ha : The new serum will arrest

the leukemia of the 8 patients
who had all reached and
advanced stage of the disease.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
: 0.05

STATISTICS : T-TEST for

independent samples
DECISION RULE :

If the T-computed value is

greater than or beyond the T-
critical value, reject the null
hypothesis.
CONCLUSION
The T-computed value is 7.43
which is beyond the critical value
of 1.77 at 0.05 level of
significance with 13 degrees of
freedom. The null hypothesis,
therefore is rejected in favor of
the research hypothesis. This
means that the new serum will
arrest the advanced stage of
leukemia.
T-TEST
For two correlated samples or
dependent samples
 USED ONLY WHEN TWO
CORRELATED GROUPS ARE
BEING COMPARED AND THE
MEASUREMENTS ARE EITHER
INTERVAL OR RATIO
TWO GROUPS ARE CORRELATED IF:

THE SAME SAMPLES ARE

OBSERVED
BEFORE AND AFTER
INTRODUCTION OF THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

THE SAME SAMPLE IS

BOTH THE
EXPERIMENTAL AND THE
CONTROL GROUPS
Correlated Groups are employed :

TO IMPROVE THE
RESEARCHERS ABILITY
TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS
OF THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE ON THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
Problem Situation:
CONSIDER A STUDY WHICH COMPARE
THE PERCENTAGE OF PARTICULATE
MATTER PRESENT BEFORE AND AFTER
INSTALLATION OF LUFFA FIBER FILTER
IN EXHAUST PIPE OF DIESEL
ENGINE CARS.
 % PARTICULATE
CAR MATTER
BEFORE AFTER
(w/o filter) (w/ filter)
A 68.33 63.67
B 54.67 46.33
C 59.33 51.33
D 56.33 49.00
E 58.33 49.67
F 50.33 42.00
STEPS IN ANALYZING AND
INTERPRETING DATA
 HYPOTHESES :
Ho : There is no significant
difference between the mean %
particulate matter of diesel engine
cars before and after the
installation of the Luffa Fiber filter

Ha : There is significant difference

between the mean % particulate
matter of diesel engine cars before
and after the installation of the Luffa
Fiber filter
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE : 0.05

STATISTICS : T-TEST for correlated

samples
DECISION RULE :

If the T-computed value is

greater than or beyond the T-
critical value, reject the null
hypothesis.
CONCLUSION
There is a SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
between the Mean %
Particulate Matter
of the diesel cars before and
after the
installation of the Luffa Fiber
filter into
the car exhaust pipe.
Problem Situation 2(t-
test correlated)

The following are the

scores which 12
students received in
the final examination
in accounting
Pretest Post Test
80 85
65 68
65 65
75 65
75 78
78 80
77 78
76 76
80 85
82 85
90 95
80 83
Problem Situation Before the Implementation After the Implementation

3(t-test correlated) 5000 6000

A certain livelihood program 7500 7000
was given to 15 farmers to 8000 10000
enhance their income. The 7000 8000
data were recorded before 7000 7000
8000 9000
and after the implementation
8500 9000
as shown below.
10000 10000
Use t-test for correlated
6000 8000
samples at .05 level of
7000 8000
significance to test whether
5000 10000
the change of the income was 6000 7000
significant. 5500 6000
8000 9000
10000 11000
ANOVA
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
this statistical test of
significance is
employed when three or
more groups are
involved and when the
variable measured
is of the ratio or interval type.
One way (F-test) or
One Factor ANOVA
is used if there is only one
factor being studied as the
independent variable.
Problem Situation:

Consider a research which aimed

to determine the effect of various
potassium levels on the number
of days it takes gumamela to flower.
 Replicates
Treatment
1 2 3
A(0 g of K) 0 0 0
B(0.5 g of K) 3 2 2
C(1g of K) 2 2 3
D(2 g of K) 2 2 3
E(4g of K) 2 2 2
STEPS IN ANALYZING AND
INTERPRETING DATA
 HYPOTHESES :
Ho : There is no significant difference
between the Mean number of days it takes
gumamela to flower when given various
levels of potassium.

Ha : There is significant difference

between the Mean number of days it takes
gumamela to flower when given various
levels of potassium.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE :
0.05

STATISTICS : One –way

ANOVA
DECISION RULE :

If the F-computed value is

greater than or beyond the F-
critical value, reject the null
hypothesis.
 CONCLUSION
There is a significant
difference in
the mean number of days it
takes gumamela to flower
when subjected to various
levels
of potassium.
 Problem Situation:
A sari-sari store is selling 4
brands of shampoo. The
owner is interested if there is
a significant difference in the
average sales for one week.
 BRAND
A B C D
7 9 2 4
3 8 3 5
5 8 4 7
6 7 5 8
9 6 6 3
4 9 4 4
3 10 2 5
 Workshop
One-Way ANOVA
Problem Situation:

Is there any difference of efficacy in using

different concentrations of Aloe (Aloe
vera.) and Luyang Dilaw(Curcuma Longa
L.)ointment in healing wounds?
.
TREATMENTS DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4
Sizes of Wounds
1( control) 4.91 4.58 4.5 4.5
2( 50g Luyang
dilaw:50g aloe vera
5 4 3.67 3.67
3 (75 g aloe: 25g
luyang dilaw 4.25 3.83 3.17 1.67
4 (25 g Aloe:75 g
luyang dilaw 4.58 3.61 3.17 3
5( 100 g luyang
dilaw 4.5 3.94 3.5 3.33
6(100 g aloe vera)
4.83 3.33 3.33 3.17
STEPS IN ANALYZING AND
INTERPRETING DATA
 HYPOTHESES :

Ho : There is no significant difference of

efficacy in using different concentrations of
Aloe (Aloe vera.) and Luyang Dilaw(Curcuma
Longa L.)ointment in healing wounds?
.

Ha :There is significant difference of efficacy in

using different concentrations of Aloe (Aloe
vera.) and Luyang Dilaw(Curcuma Longa
L.)ointment in healing wounds?
.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE : 0.05

STATISTICS : One–way ANOVA

DECISION RULE :

If the F-computed value is greater than

or beyond the F-critical value, reject
the null hypothesis.
 CONCLUSION
The F-computed value is 1.76 which is
beyond the critical value of 2.77 at 0.05 level
of significance with 5 degrees of freedom.
The null hypothesis, therefore is accepted in
favor of the research hypothesis. This means
that there is no significant difference of using
different concentrations of Aloe (Aloe vera.)
and Luyang Dilaw(Curcuma Longa
L.)ointment in healing wounds.
Presentation of Data
RESULTS
- It includes all data gathered from the
experiments which can be presented through
tables, graphs, figures, etc.
- Tables, graphs, figures, etc. should EACH have
their respective captions. A good caption must
have a Table/Graph/Figure Number and a short
description.
Excerpt from Galang (2014), Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs
 Excerpt from Catacutan et al. (2015), Cytotoxic and Genotoxic
Potentials of the Money Tree (Pachira aquatica) Stem and Leaf Extracts
 Excerpt from Catacutan et al. (2015), Cytotoxic and Genotoxic
Potentials of the Money Tree (Pachira aquatica) Stem and Leaf Extracts
RESULTS
- Captions for tables must be placed on top of
the table while, those for figures (graphs,
diagrams, etc.) should be placed under them.
- Subsections may be used especially if multiple
distinct tests were conducted.
- No related literatures should be presented in
this part of the research paper.
Excerpt from Galang (2014), Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs
DISCUSSION
This part of the research paper usually answers
the following questions:
» What are the implications of the results and
trends derived from data analysis conducted?
What are established scientific knowledge that
can explain or justify such results and trends?

Excerpt from Galang (2014), Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs

 Excerpt from Catacutan et al. (2015), Cytotoxic and Genotoxic
Potentials of the Money Tree (Pachira aquatica) Stem and Leaf Extracts
 Excerpt from Catacutan et al. (2015), Cytotoxic and Genotoxic
Potentials of the Money Tree (Pachira aquatica) Stem and Leaf Extracts
DISCUSSION
» What are other related research that
contradict such results and trends? And what
are the possible causes of these contradictions?
» What are and how did these possible errors
(e.g. unwanted factors) affect such results and
trends?

Excerpt from Galang (2014), Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs

Table 14 ANOVA table for the volume of Ethanol obtained using Yeast

Anova: volume of alcohol a 0.05

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Trial 1 3 70.5 23.5 222.25
Trial 2 3 62.3 20.76667 142.2633
Trial 3 3 67.8 22.6 186.13

ANOVA Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 11.64222 2 5.821111 0.031714 0.969 5.143253
Within Groups 1101.287 6 183.5478

Total 1112.929 8
 Table 15 ANOVA Table for the Volume of Ethanol Obtained using
Zymomonas mobilis
Anova: Single Factor a 0.05

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Trial 1 3 75 25 301
trial 2 3 73 24.33333 184.3333
trial 3 3 75.5 25.16667 214.0833

ANOVA Accept Null Hypothesis because p > 0.05 (Means are the same)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-Value F crit
Between Groups 1.166667 2 0.583333 0.002502 0.998 5.143253
Within Groups 1398.833 6 233.1389

Total 1400 8
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