Introduction to Mathematical transforms for

PQ analysis
The different transformation techniques
used for the detection of power quality
disturbances such as voltage sag, swell,
interruption and harmonics are:
 RMS Measurement
 Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)
 Wavelet Transform(WT)
 S Transform (ST)
 a) RMS Measurement
• RMS measurement technique is suitable for
detection of sag, swell and interruption but
cannot be used for harmonic measurement.
• Voltage signals are recorded as sampled points
in time and the RMS value of a sampled time-
domain signal is calculated
• The rms magnitude of voltage supply is used
in the power quality standards for detection
and characterization of voltage events
 Cont’d..
• The RMS Measurement is simple and easy to
implement but it does not give information
about the phase angle of voltage supply
during the event or the point on the wave
where the event begins.
• Hence, RMS Measurement has limitations in
the detection and estimation of magnitude
and duration of short-duration voltage events.
 b) Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)
• FFT analysis of harmonic signal can detect the
magnitude of the fundamental and harmonics
accurately but it does not provide the time
information of these harmonics.
• Only frequency information is obtained by
Fourier Transform(FT).
• FFT was developed to reduce the
computational burden of the DFT.
 Cont’d..
• Fourier Transforms gives information about
the frequency contents of the signal.
• FT doesn’t give information about the time of
occurrence of the frequency.
• FT is suitable for stationary signal analysis
where frequency component doesn’t vary
with time.
 c) Wavelet transform(WT)
• WT is a mathematical tool, which provides an
automatic detection of power quality
disturbance(PQD) waveforms.
• WT is a new method for detection of PQ
disturbance.
• WT provides the time scale analysis of the non-
stationary signal
• WT decomposes the signal to time scale
representation rather than time frequency
representation.
 Cont’d..
• It expands a signal in to several scales
belonging to different frequency regions by
using translation(shift in time) and
dilation(compression in time) of a fixed
wavelet function known as mother wavelet.
• A mother wavelet is a function that oscillates,
has finite energy and zero mean value.
 Cont’d..
• WT based signal processing technique is used
for power system transient analysis and PQ
disturbance classification.
• Both time and frequency information of signal
is obtained in Wavelet
 d) S Transform(ST)
• ST is considered as the extension of FFT or WT.
• ST provides magnitude and phase information
of the harmonics and detects the sag/swell in
the presence of noise or transient.
• ST can be seen as the “phase correction” of
continuous wave let transform(CWT).
 Overview of power conditioning
devices and mitigating equipments
• The use of power conditioning equipment is
the most common solution to protect the
power system network from the different PQ
problems.
• Most of the power conditioning equipment is
voltage monitoring devices
• Power conditioning devices may be connected
at the source side or in the transmission
network, or at the load end.
 Cont’d..
• In general, power conditioning devices are
connected at the point of common coupling (PCC)
where the load is connected to the supply.
• The different power conditioning devices are:
A) Conventional devices
• Line-voltage regulators: These are special
transformers connected in series with the
transmission line designed to regulate the voltage
in accordance with the changes in the system.
e.g. tap changing transformers, buck-boost
regulators etc.
 Cont’d..
• M-G Sets (Motor-generator Sets): are
installed at the load side in order to supply
power to critical loads during the
interruptions from the power supply company.
• Magnetic Synthesizers:
• employ resonant circuits made of inductors
and capacitors.
• They are used to filter the harmonics from
affecting the loads.
 Cont’d..
• SVC (Static VAR Compensators):
• use passive elements like inductors and
capacitors.
• the use of solid state switches to control the
voltage injection increases their efficiency.
• The switches are controlled such that correct
magnitude of voltage is injected at correct point
of time so that voltage fluctuations are
reduced.
 Cont’d..
• UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies):
• provides a constant voltage during both
voltage sags and outages from a battery or
super conducting material.
• The main parts of an UPS are battery, rectifier
and an inverter.
 Cont’d..
• SMES (Superconducting magnetic energy
storage):
• stores electrical energy within a
superconducting magnet.
• It provides a large amount of power
(750 KVA to 500 MVA) within a short time.
 Cont’d..
B) Custom Power Devices
• All the above mentioned conventional devices
are not suitable to mitigate voltage
disturbances effectively.
• there is a need to use new type of devices
known as Custom Power Devices.
• These are power electronic equipment aimed
to help in mitigating power quality problems.
• e.g:- Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR), D-
STATCOM, auto transformer, UPQC etc.
 Cont’d..
• Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
is a power electronic converter based circuit
intended to ensure the discriminating burdens
from all supply-side unsettling influences other
than deficiencies
 is a series connected power electronic device
used to inject voltage of required magnitude and
frequency.
It contains the following components-
• Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
• DC storage unit
• Filter circuit
• Series Transformer
 Cont’d..
• D-STATCOM
performs high speed control of reactive power
to provide voltage stabilization, flicker
suppression, and compensates other types of
PQ disturbances.
provides leading or lagging reactive power to
maintain the system stability during transient
conditions.
 Cont’d..
applied to industrial facilities to mitigate the
voltage sag/swell and flicker caused by non-linear
dynamic loads
DSTATCOM can be operated either as the voltage
mode control or current mode control.
 It is one of the shunt connected custom power
devices
 It consists of an inverter (voltage source inverter
[VSI] is commonly preferred), DC-link energy
storage device, output filter and a coupling
transformer
Schematic diagram of DSTATCOM
 Cont’d..
• Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
allows the alleviation of voltage and current
disturbances that could affect sensitive electrical
loads
 It compensate the load reactive power
It consists of combined series and shunt active
power filters
 Cont’d..
• The main function of UPQC includes:
(i) Reactive power compensation.
(ii) Voltage regulation.
(iii) Compensation for voltage sags and swells.
(iv) Unbalance compensation for current and
voltage (for 3-phase systems).
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is a
combination of series and shunt active filters
aimed to mitigate several power quality
disturbances
VSI based UPQC configuration.
CSI based UPQC configuration.
 Importance of power wiring and
grounding

• As per IEEE STD 1100-1 999, Power quality is

defined as the concept of powering and
grounding electronics equipment in a manner
that is suitable to the operation of equipment
and compatible with the premises wiring system
and connected load.

• IEEE 1100 introduce powering and grounding of

sensitive equipments.
 Cont’d..
• An overall equipment inspection is crucial to ensure
proper wiring within a facility.
• The entire electrical system should be checked for
loose, missing or improper connections at panels,
receptacles and equipment.
• There are many types of commonly available circuit
testers that can be used to check for improper
conditions such as
• reversed polarity,
• Open neutral or
• floating grounds.
 Cont’d..
• In power wiring, make sure that neutral and
ground conductors are not shared between
branch circuits.
• Grounding is one of the most important and
misunderstood aspects of the electrical
system.
• It is essential to differentiate the functions of
the grounded conductor (neutral) from the
equipment grounding system (safety ground).
 Cont’d..
• The safety ground protects the electrical system
and equipment from super-imposed voltages
caused by lightning or accidental contact with
higher voltage systems.
• The safety ground establishes a “zero-voltage”
reference point for the system.
• The safety ground must be a low impedance path
from the equipment to the bonding point to the
grounding electrode at the service entrance.
• Neutral and ground should only be bonded
together at the service entrance
 Cont’d
• The grounded conductor (neutral) is a current
carrying conductor which is bonded to the
grounding system at one point.
• One of the most common errors in a system is
bonding the neutral to ground in multiple
locations.
• Proper grounding and bonding minimizes
costly PQ disturbances
e.g. Computer based industrial system
performance is directly related to the quality
of the equipment grounding and bonding.
 Power Quality Monitoring
• Power quality monitoring is the process of
gathering, analyzing and interpreting raw
measurement data into useful information.
• The process of gathering data is usually
carried out by continuous measurement of
voltage and current over an extended period.
• There are several common objectives of
power quality monitoring such as
 Cont’d..
• i) Monitoring to characterize system
performance
• ii) Monitoring to characterize specific problems
• iii) Monitoring as a part of an enhanced power
quality service
• iv) Monitoring as a part of predictive or just-in-
time maintenance
 Cont’d..
• The monitoring objectives often determines -
-the choice of monitoring equipment,
-triggering threshold,
- methods of data acquisition and storage,
-analysis and interpretation requirements.
 Some categories of equipment that
are used for permanent PQ
monitoring system are
i) Digital fault recorder
ii) Smart relays and other LEDs
iii) Voltage recorder
iv)In-plant power monitor
v) Special purpose PQ monitor
vi)Revenue meter etc.
Power Quality Measuring Instruments
i) Wiring and grounding test device
ii) Multimeters
iii) Oscilloscopes
iv) Disturbance analysers
v) Harmonic analysers and spectrum analysers
vi) combination disturbance and harmonic
analysers
vii) Flicker Meter and
viii) Energy monitor
Thank you