Electric Machinery - A.E. Fitzgerald

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
A.E. Fitzgerald
Charles Kingsley, Jr.
Stephen D. Umans
Introduction to Rotating
Machines
4-0
4.1 ELEMENTARY CONCEPT

Electromechanical energy conversion occurs when changes in the flux
linkages λ resulting from mechanical motion.
d
e(t ) 
dt
Magnetic
Field Producing voltage in the coil
Horizontal
axis •Rotating the winding in magnetic
field
•Rotating magnetic field through the
winding
e(t)
•Stationary winding and time
changing magnetic field (Transformer
action)
4-1
Armature winding: AC current carrying winding

Synchronous machine Armature winding is
Induction machine stator winding (stationary)
DC machine Armature winding is on

the rotor
Field winding: DC current carrying winding
DC machine Field winding is on the stator
Synchronous machine Field winding is on the rotor
Note: Permanent magnets produce DC magnetic flux and are used

in the place of field windings in some machines.
VRM (Variable Reluctance Machines) No windings on the rotor

Stepper Motors (non-uniform air-gaps)
4-2
4.2 INTRODUCTION TO AC AND DC MACHINES

AC Machines: Synchronous Machines and Induction Machines
Synchronous Machines:
•Two-pole, single phase machine
•Rotor rotates with a constant speed
•Constraction is made such that air-
gap flux density is sinusoidal
•Sinusoidal flux distribution results
with sinusoidal induced voltage
(a) Space distribution of flux density and

(b) corresponding waveform of the generated voltage for the single-
phase generator.
4-3
•Four-pole, single phase machine

•a1,-a1 and a2,-a2 windings connected
in series
•The generator voltage goes through
two complete cycles per revolution of
the rotor. The frequency in hertz will
be twice the speed in revolutions per
second.
p p n n: rpm
 ae   a fe  fe: Hz
2 2 60
4-4
Hydroelectric power plant (D. Yıldırım, İTÜ Lecture Notes)
4-5
Hydroelectric power plant
generato
r
turbine
giant shaft
generator sets
4-6 hydropower-plant-generator.swf
connecting turbine
to generator
715 MW generator
Diameter of rotor:
16 meters
Rotating mass:
4-7 2650 ton
Field winding is a two-pole

distributed winding
Winding distributed in multiple
slots and arranged to produce
sinusoidal distributed air-gap
flux.
Why some synchronous

generators have salient-pole
rotor while others have
cylindirical rotors?
Answer: In salient-pole
machines the number of poles
can be large therefore they will
be able to operate in slow speed
to produce 50 Hz voltage.
Elementary two-pole
cylindrical-rotor field winding.
4-8
Schematic views of three-phase generators: (a) two-pole,

(b) four-pole, and (c) Y connection of the windings.
Figure 4.12
4-9
Induction Machines:
•The stator winding excited

by ac current. The current
produces a rotating magnetic
field which in turn produces
currents in rotor conductors
due to induction.
•These machines mostly used
as motors.
•Rotor windings are short
circuited (electrically) and
frequently have no external
connections.
•Stator and rotor fluxes rotate
in synchronism with each Typical induction-motor speed-torque
other and that torque is characteristic.
related to the relative
displacement between them. Figure 4.15
•Rotor does not rotate
synchronously
4-10
Typical Induction Motor
4-11
Windings placed in stator slots
4-12
Inside View of An Induction Motor
4-13
DC Machines:
Armature winding on the rotor
with current conducted from it
by means of carbon brushes
Elementary dc machine
with commutator.
Figure 4.17
4-14
4.3 MMF OF DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS
(a) Schematic view of flux

produced by a concentrated,
full-pitch winding in a machine
with a uniform air gap. (b) The
air-gap mmf produced
by current in
this winding.
Figure 4.19
Fourier Analysis
4Ni
Fag1    cos  a
 2 
4Ni
( Fag1 ) peak   
 2 
4-15
AC Machines:
The mmf of one phase of a distributed two-pole,
three-phase winding with full-pitch coils.
Figure 4.20
4  k N ph ia   p 
Fag1    cos  a 
 p  2 
k Winding factor (usually
between 0.85 and 0.95)
N ph Series turns per phase
4-16
Example 4.1: The phase-a two-pole armature winding of figure below can be
considered to consists of 8 Nc-turn full-pitch coils connected in series, with
each slot contaning two coils. There are a total of 24 armature slots, and thus
each slot is separated by 3600 /24=150. Assume angle θa is measures from the
magnetic axis of phase a such that the four slots containing the coil sides
labeled a are at 67.50, 82.50, 97.50, and 112.50. The opposite sides of each coil
are thus found in the slots found at -112.50, -97.50, -82.50, and 67.50,
respectively. Assume this winding to be carrying current ia.
a) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf produced by the two coils
whose sides are in the slots at θa=112.50 and -67.50.
b) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf produced by the two coils
whose sides are in the slots at θa=67.50 and -112.50.
c) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf of the complete armature
winding.
d) Determine the winding factor kw for this distributed winding.
4-17
The air-gap mmf of a distributed winding on the rotor

of a round-rotor generator.
4  kr N r I r  p 
Fag1    cos  r 
 p  2 
4-18
DC Machines:
Cross section of a two-pole dc

machine.
4-19
(a) Developed sketch of

the dc machine
(b) mmf wave;
(c) equivalent sawtooth
mmf wave, its
fundamental
component,
and equivalent
rectangular current
sheet.
Sawtooth waveform
because of restrictions
imposed by the
commutator.
Peak value of
fundamental component
8
 0.81
 2
4-20
(a) Cross section of a four-pole dc machine;

(b) development of current sheet and mmf wave.
 Na  8  Na 
( Fag ) peak    ia ( Fag1 ) peak  2   ia
 p    p 
4-21
Four Pole Stator of a DC Motor:
4-22
Rotor of a DC Motor:
4-23
4-24
Parts of a small DC motor
4-25
4.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS IN ROTATING

MACHINERY
The air-gap mmf and

radial component
of Hag for a
concentrated
full-pitch winding.
4  Ni 
H ag1    cos  a
  2g 
Distributed winding:
4  k w N ph ia   p 
H ag1    cos  a 
 gp  2 
4-26
Example 4.2: A four-pole synchronous ac generator

with a smooth air gap has a distributed rotor
winding with 263 series turns, a winding factor of
0.935, and an air gap of length 0.7 mm. Assuming
the mmf drop in the electrical steel to be negligible,
find the rotor-winding current required to produce a
peak, space-fundamental magnetic flux density of
1.6 T in the machine air gap.
4-27
Machines with non-uniform air gaps.
Structure of typical salient-pole machines: (a) dc machine and (b)

salient-pole synchronous machine.
4-28
Finite-element solution of the magnetic field distribution in a salient-

pole dc generator. Field coils excited; no current in armature coils.
(General Electric Company.)
4-29
Flux distribution in a 4-pole salient-pole generator
Colors represent
the strength of B.
Blue to Red : The
flux density
increases
4-30
4.5 ROTATING MMF WAVES IN AC MACHINES

Single-phase-winding
space-fundamental
air-gap mmf:
(a) mmf distribution of
a single-phase winding at
various times;
(b) total mmf Fag1
decomposed into two
traveling wavesF – and F +;
(c) phasor decomposition
of Fag1.
4  k w N ph ia   p 
Fag1    cos  a 
 p  2 
ia  I a cos et
4-31
MMF Wave of a Polyphase Winding
Simplified two-
pole three-phase
stator winding.
ia  I m cos et
ib  I m cos(et 1200 )
ic  I m cos(et  1200 )
4-32
Instantaneous phase currents under balanced

three-phase conditions.
Figure 4.30
4-33
The production of a rotating magnetic field by means

of three-phase currents.
Figure 4.31
4-34
Cross-sectional
view of an
elementary
three-phase
ac machine.
Figure 4.32
4-35
Voltage between the brushes

in the elementary dc machine
of Fig. 4.17.
Figure 4.33
4-36
Elementary two-pole machine with smooth air gap:

(a) winding distribution and (b) schematic representation.
Figure 4.34
4-37
Simplified two-pole machine: (a) elementary model and

(b) vector diagram of mmf waves. Torque is produced
by the tendency of the rotor and stator magnetic fields
to align. Note that these figures are drawn with sr positive,
i.e., with the rotor mmf wave Fr leading that of the stator
Fs.
Figure 4.35
4-38
The mmf and

H field of a
concentrated
full-pitch linear
winding.
Figure 4.36
4-39
Typical
open-circuit
characteristic
and air-gap
line.
Figure 4.37
4-40
Finite-element
solution for the
flux distribution
around a
salient pole.
(General
Electric
Company.)
Figure 4.38
4-41
Flux-density
wave
corresponding
to Fig. 4.38
with its
fundamental
and third-
harmonic
components.
Figure 4.39
4-42
Three-coil system showing components of mutual

and leakage flux produced by current in coil 1.
Figure 4.40
4-43
Flux created
by a single
coil side in
a slot.
Figure 4.41
4-44
Problem 4.8: (a) full-pitch coil and (b) fractional-pitch coil.

Figure 4.43
4-45
Elementary
generator for
Problem 4.13.
Figure 4.44
4-46
Elementary
cylindrical-rotor,
two-phase
synchronous
machine for
Problem 4.22.
Figure 4.45
4-47
Schematic two-
phase, salient-pole
synchronous
machine for
Problem 4.24.
Figure 4.46
4-48

Electric Machinery - A.E. Fitzgerald

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Electric Machinery - A.E. Fitzgerald

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4.1 ELEMENTARY CONCEPT

Armature winding: AC current carrying winding

DC machine Armature winding is on

Note: Permanent magnets produce DC magnetic flux and are used

VRM (Variable Reluctance Machines) No windings on the rotor

4.2 INTRODUCTION TO AC AND DC MACHINES

(a) Space distribution of flux density and

•Four-pole, single phase machine

Hydroelectric power plant (D. Yıldırım, İTÜ Lecture Notes)

Hydroelectric power plant

Field winding is a two-pole

Why some synchronous

Schematic views of three-phase generators: (a) two-pole,

•The stator winding excited

Typical Induction Motor

Windings placed in stator slots

Inside View of An Induction Motor

4.3 MMF OF DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS

(a) Schematic view of flux

N ph Series turns per phase

The air-gap mmf of a distributed winding on the rotor

Cross section of a two-pole dc

(a) Developed sketch of

(a) Cross section of a four-pole dc machine;

Four Pole Stator of a DC Motor:

Parts of a small DC motor

4.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS IN ROTATING

The air-gap mmf and

Example 4.2: A four-pole synchronous ac generator

Machines with non-uniform air gaps.

Structure of typical salient-pole machines: (a) dc machine and (b)

Finite-element solution of the magnetic field distribution in a salient-

Flux distribution in a 4-pole salient-pole generator

4.5 ROTATING MMF WAVES IN AC MACHINES

MMF Wave of a Polyphase Winding

Instantaneous phase currents under balanced

The production of a rotating magnetic field by means

Voltage between the brushes

Elementary two-pole machine with smooth air gap:

Simplified two-pole machine: (a) elementary model and

The mmf and

Three-coil system showing components of mutual

Problem 4.8: (a) full-pitch coil and (b) fractional-pitch coil.

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