INTRODUCTION

THERMODYNAMICS
• Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy.
• The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words
therme and dynamis.
• It is a branch of physical science that treats various
phenomenon of energy and the related properties of
matter, especially the laws of transformation of heat into
other forms of energy and vice versa.
 BRIEF HISTORY
• First successful atmospheric steam engines in England by
Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712
• The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged
simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of
William Rankine, Rudolph Clausius, and Lord Kelvin (formerly
William Thomson).
• The term thermodynamics was first used in a publication by
Lord Kelvin in 1849.
• Thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William
Rankine, a professor at the University of Glasgow.
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
PRINCIPLE
It simply states that during an
interaction, energy can
change from one form to
another but the total amount
of energy remains constant.
That is, energy cannot be
created or destroyed.
 CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
• macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics
that does not require a knowledge of the behavior of
individual particles
 STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS
• microscopic approach based on the average behavior of
large groups of individual particles.
 BASIC LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS – deals with law of
conservation of energy
 BASIC LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS – direction of flow of
energy and entropy
 BASIC LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS – deals with the restriction
of all physical systems to the temperature regime that
excludes absolute zero.
 BASIC LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS – states that when two
bodies, isolated from other environment, are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, the two are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
 APPLICATION OF
THERMODYNAMICS
 APPLICATION OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
BASIC DIMENSIONS
SECONDARY DIMENSIONS OR
DERIVED DIMENSIONS

• velocity v
• energy E
• Volume V
 ENGLISH SYSTEM
• also known as the United States Customary System (USCS)
 METRIC SI
• Le Système International d’ Unités
• also known as the International System
• The SI is a simple and logical system based on a decimal
relationship between the various units.
 METRIC SI
• The systematic efforts to develop a universally acceptable
system of units dates back to 1790 when the French
National Assembly charged the French Academy of
Sciences to come up with such a unit system.
• 1875 when The Metric Convention Treaty was prepared and
signed by 17 nations
• General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was
established that was to meet every six years
METRIC SI
 ENGLISH VS SI
• Force
• Work
 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
• It is anything, a certain quantity of matter, a certain volume
in space, or a collection of matter or space of fixed quantity
that is the subject of interest for a particular study and
analysis.
 PARTS OF THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM
• System – control mass or volume
• Boundary
• Surrounding – outside the boundaries
 KINDS OF THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM
• Closed System – is a system whose
boundary are not crossed by working
substance but crossed by energy.
KINDS OF THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM
• Open System – is a
thermodynamic system in
which both the working
substance and energy
cross its boundaries.
 KINDS OF THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM
• Isolated System – is a thermodynamic system in which
neither both the mass nor energy crosses its boundaries.
KINDS OF THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEM
 THERMODYNAMIC STATE OF A
SUBSTANCE
• It describes how the substance exists and how it is identified
by certain observable thermodynamic properties.
 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
• These are descriptive characteristics of the system used to
compute the changes of energy that occur in a system or
working substance.